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95 pages 3 hours read

Max Brooks

World War Z: An Oral History of the Zombie War

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2006

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Themes

The Triumph of Humanity

One of the central themes of the book is the ability of humanity to triumph in the face of a perilous, extinction-level event. The very existence of the book, which is a collection of interviews with survivors published 12 years after the Zombie War, demonstrates that humans as a species are highly resilient and adaptable, even if large numbers of people are wiped out. While the narrator explains that there are now a number of problems the world faces in the aftermath, including a depleted population, rampant disease, pollution, and malnutrition, their ability to travel around the world and interview dozens of people shows that humanity’s will to survive is strong.

The stories of the many survivors generally paint a picture of courage, strength, resilience, and heroism. The zombies present an unprecedented enemy to the human race, and as General Travis D’Ambrosia of Europe’s Combat Information Center explains, they are capable of “total war” (272): It’s impossible to wear them down, they need no support or sustenance, and they cannot conscientiously object. Every zombie is a remorseless killer. Despite their relentless enemy, the interviewees have survived extreme hardship, including frigid temperatures, zombie attacks, human violence, exploitation, and mishandled military operations. They operate on a combination of instinct, knowledge, and skill and often form strong bonds with others. As Joe Muhammed explains, the war gives them “this powerful shared experience” (336), which in many ways bonds humanity (or what’s left of it) on a global level.

The Power of Knowledge and the Cost of Ignorance

As the pieces of the whole narrative come together through individual interviews, it becomes apparent that there were a number of opportunities to keep the zombie outbreaks under control and that the development of the situation into a worldwide apocalyptic event was the result of either willful ignorance or suppression of information at critical junctures and in the hot zones. Through Kwang Jingshu’s interview, the reader learns that, though this was his first encounter with the zombies, the Chinese government was already aware of the growing threat of the zombie virus. Instead of investigating and alerting the rest of the world to the problem, those who encountered the victims were arrested and kept confined to prevent further spread of information. American soldier Stanley MacDonald also experienced a repression of his account, as his encounter was classified as exposure to unknown chemical agents. As these encounters become more frequent, the Warmbrunn-Knight Report is circulated among the major political powers, but its warnings and suggestions are largely ignored. Because of the tremendous effort to repress or actively ignore the severity of the situation, the problem was able to grow unchecked and become a threat so big that it was impossible to ignore. The solution to the problem was the Redeker Plan, whose primary element was the sacrifice of thousands, if not millions, of people used as decoys to ensure the safety of those deemed worthy to save. Though most accepted the sacrifice as a necessary evil and that there was no longer any choice, the fact remains that had the world powers paid attention to the Warmbrunn-Knight Report, the Redeker Plan would never have been needed.

Deep in the weeds of World War Z and only a few months after the execution of the Redeker Plan, the International Program for Health and Safety began and then grew into Radio Free Earth. The organizers of this broadcast recognized that ignorance was the true enemy in this worldwide fight. The program broadcast information about survival skills, relief programs and locations, swarm movements, and other information in hundreds of languages aimed at fighting the general atmosphere of misinformation that had borne the zombie apocalypse. This program recognized that the silence of the powers people put their trust in (i.e., the governments) was dangerous and only perpetuating the problem. Once Radio Free Earth starting broadcasting around the globe, people were better able to protect themselves and fight the influx of zombies. In fact, this distribution of information saved the lives of many that the Redeker Plan had written off.

Taking the theme one step further is the book itself. The introduction provided by the narrator states that this is an expanded version of their report that was stripped down and presented as a facts-only document to the UN. The original report was stripped down to remove the sentimentality, but the narrator feels that it also stripped out the humanity from his interviews. Each interview provides a unique perspective of individual experience, and these individual stories combine to make up the whole of humanity’s experience fighting this global threat. The intention of publishing these personal accounts is to make sure that these stories do not die. As the saying goes, those who forget history are doomed to repeat it, and this book helps to make sure that the memories of the struggle and decision making (both good and bad) that occurred before, during, and after World War Z will not be forgotten or repeated.

American Exceptionalism

Another major theme of the book is the idea of American Exceptionalism. The United States is consistently placed at the forefront of international decision-making about the zombies, and soldiers like U.S. Army Infantryman Todd Wainio and Air Force Pilot Colonel Christina Eliopolis are not only given unprecedented attention by the narrator but also hailed as national heroes. Even though the fighting against the zombies is not over, America’s declaration of victory on VA Day ushers in an international shift in attitudes regarding the zombies. China soon follows suit by declaring VC day and marking the official end of the war globally.

While the narrator interviews dozens of people, including soldiers from other countries, none receives the prolonged attention of Americans engaged in the war effort. The narrator describes Air Force Pilot Colonel Christina Eliopolis as a “legend […] for her outstanding war record” (168), and they subsequently treat her with sympathy and respect. Her interview is lengthy compared to most of the others and details her harrowing escape after her plane is downed in the woods. The narrator returns to their interview with U.S. Army Infantryman Todd Wainio an unprecedented four times throughout the book, emphasizing their view of Wainio as one of the war’s main folk heroes. Wainio also reveals himself to be one of the four soldiers watching the sunrise over Manhattan from New Jersey in the famous Victory mural. The book ends with Wainio’s words as he recalls how VA Day—the day of the mural—still feels like a dream.

Although the narrator appears critical of America’s initial response to the outbreak, they generally show respect for America’s military prowess as the war progresses. America’s decision to go on the offensive is met with some international resistance, but the narrator suggests through his interviews that they respect the sacrifices made by the American soldiers as well as their strength in overcoming the zombies and bringing about an end to the war. While a few other characters from other countries are revisited at the end of the book, demonstrating the narrator’s respect for their skill and endurance, none receive the same level of attention as America’s heroes. As the narrator concludes the book, America seems poised to rebuild and reclaim its seemingly rightful position as a global leader. SEC Chairman Arthur Sinclair displays his growing confidence in the American economy, assuring the narrator “It’s getting better. Just wait and see” (337).

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