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63 pages 2 hours read

Nathan Hill

Wellness

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2023

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Parts 11-13Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 11: “The Needy Users: A Drama in Seven Algorithms” - Part 13: “The Human Soul Out Wandering as a Mouse”

Part 11, Chapter 32 Summary

1) The Edge Rank Algorithm: In April of 2008, Jack’s father, Lawrence Baker, joins Facebook. His knowledge of computers is limited and his knowledge of the internet even more so. Facebook’s algorithm has difficulty gathering data from him because he engages so little with the site’s content. Finally, one day Facebook asks him if he knows Jack Baker; Lawrence clicks “yes” and types “I’m so, so sorry” (441).

2) The Needy User Algorithm: Jack, after 48 hours of deliberation, accepts his father’s friend request. Lawrence repeatedly apologizes to Jack for something that has caused them not to speak to one another. Jack coaches his father in Facebook etiquette, but tells him little about his life. Because of his limited engagement, Facebook seeks to force interaction between Lawrence and others. Lawrence is categorized as a Needy User, whose posts are moved by the algorithm to the top of his friends’ feed, so they are sure to see them. Lawrence comes to like interacting with friends and becomes a frequent poster. When he eventually loses Needy User status, Lawrence wonders why no one seems to comment on or “like” his posts as frequently anymore.

3) The Pattern Recognition Algorithm: The algorithm works to identify overlap between the things Lawrence engages with and the things other people that appear to be like him engage with. One pattern of engagement is with content about sick children; as Lawrence is shown more and more such content, he begins to believe that there is an unusually high number of sick children. Attributing this not to the skewing of reality by Facebook’s algorithm, but to an epidemic, Lawrence joins health-related conspiracy groups when Facebook suggests them.

4) The PageRank Algorithm: As Lawrence is drawn into conspiracy content on Facebook, he is shocked. He turns to Google to conduct his own research but, because of the way he types in his search, Google’s algorithm returns the same conspiracy content as its top searches. Lawrence never scrolls beyond the first page of Google, so his personal research reinforces the content he is being shown on Facebook.

Jack is not aware of any of this because he does not see the same content his father engages with. When Jack left Kansas at 18, he deliberately cut all ties to his hometown. Even on Facebook, Jack carefully controls what information about himself his father can access. As his father reaches out, wanting connection and intimacy, Jack withholds it, in the same way he feels that Lawrence withheld it when Jack was a child. In 2012, Jack becomes aware of Lawrence’s conspiracy theories when Lawrence posts about the world ending that year.

5) The Deep Learning Artificial Neural Network: Jack and Lawrence discuss the 2012 conspiracy theory. At first, Lawrence insists he is just exploring the content out of curiosity, but in time it becomes clear that he believes the information to be true. Facebook has just become a public company, and its more sophisticated algorithm is redesigned to maximize user engagement for profit from ads. Thus Lawrence, unknowingly, enters a feedback loop: Facebook shows him more and more content that confirms his beliefs about 2012. A similar process is happening for Jack, who becomes more and more enraged by the content he sees. Jack and his father continuously debate this conspiracy theory, engaging with each other more than they ever have before.

6) The Screen Interaction Algorithm: Lawrence intends to write a long message to Jack apologizing for his neglect throughout Jack’s childhood and for the way their rekindled relationship has gotten derailed. But each time he sits down at his computer, he is quickly distracted by and then sucked into the alarming content he is shown. The Screen Interaction Algorithm records data from his mouse, which tracks his physical movements and correlates them to his mood; as a result, it feeds him more content that causes Lawrence to interact. When Lawrence obtains his first smartphone, he engages with Facebook with even more frequency. Jack mails him a letter, explaining how algorithms operate, suggesting that Facebook is essentially spying on Lawrence, which Lawrence refuses to believe. Their arguments escalate until Jack unfriends Lawrence.

7) The Chatbot: Neither Jack nor Lawrence are fully aware of the way in which bots infect Facebook, acting as real users who can engage in conversation, though they cannot comprehend the content they are generating. As Lawrence falls deeper and deeper into conspiracy, he comes across the Preserve Park Shore account, which is leveling accusations against Jack. Lawrence defends Jack, emphasizing that he knows him personally. Brandie responds, revealing to Lawrence that she knows both Jack and Elizabeth and that they engage in immoral sexual acts. Their arguments and accusations spiral.

At the moment when Toby insists that his parents have gone viral, Jack sees several friend requests from his father, pleading that he is sick and needs to speak with him.

Part 12, Chapter 33 Summary

The novel flashes back to Jack’s adolescence.

It is 1984, and Evelyn is home for their mother’s birthday. She teaches Jack to paint the prairie each morning, while explaining why the prairie has historically been an unpopular subject for landscape painters. Jack fears his mother will not like their father’s gift, as each year she complains about this privately to Jack, but this time, his father gets her a sandwich press that she mentioned liking. Ruth is seemingly pleased, but when the process of making a sandwich goes awry, she complains.

Outside, Evelyn tell Jack that their father actually proposed marriage to Ruth’s younger sister first. Because the girls’ father would not allow the younger daughter to marry, their father felt obligated to propose to the older sister instead. Jack is surprised to learn this and even more surprised that his father revealed it to Evelyn.

Part 12, Chapter 34 Summary

The novel returns to the present.

Jack and his mother attend a lunch in a church basement after Lawrence’s funeral. There is a lengthy description of the many food items offered on the lunch buffet. A minister says a lengthy prayer. The event goes by in a blur for Jack.

Part 12, Chapter 35 Summary

After the funeral, Jack returns to his childhood home, to which he has not been since he left at age 18 for Chicago. His old bedroom is filled with stuff that his mother has purchased over the years, though she cannot explain why she has purchased it all. They talk a bit about his father. After he stopped burning the land, the prairie morphed into a forest. Lawrence’s lung cancer—which doctors attribute to the prairie fires—was diagnosed in 2008, the same year Lawrence joined Facebook and reconnected with Jack. Jack learns that his father was stripping wood from abandoned local barns to sell as “authentic reclaimed barn wood” (509). His mother is eager for Jack to go, and Jack understands that she has not forgiven him for leaving.

Part 12, Chapter 36 Summary

The novel flashes back to Jack’s adolescence.

The technique used for prairie burns is very dependent on how wet or dry the grass, and on the absence or presence of wind. One day, Jack and Evelyn are outside, watching Lawrence and his crew conduct a burning. They both find it fascinating, though their father does not understand why. Evelyn photographs the scene with a Polaroid camera, but Jack is forced to go inside. He retreats to his bedroom, where his mother finds him. For the first time, she sees the art posters Evelyn has given him displayed in his room. She cautions him against following in Evelyn’s footsteps by pursuing art, and, when Jack tries to carefully protest, Ruth tears down his posters and destroys them. Evelyn later consoles him, assuring him one day he will escape and showing Jack the photograph she has just taken. It depicts a single flower that survived the burn. Evelyn says the flower is symbolic of Jack.

After dinner, Jack appeases Ruth by taking care of many household chores. Lawrence has decided to continue the burn that night, though it is rare to conduct a burn in the dark. Ruth gives Evelyn permission to paint outside, but there is a misunderstanding about where the burn will take place. While she paints, Evelyn is caught up in the burn and killed.

Part 13, Chapter 37 Summary

Elizabeth remembers her first study with Dr. Sanborne on the validity of love at first sight. The experiment required her to ask participants a series of questions which grew increasingly invasive and personal. This caused the same physical symptoms—such as sweating and an increased heart rate—as falling in love, so subjects mistook fear for love. Elizabeth performed the experiment on Jack when they met. For this reason, she worries their relationship is inauthentic.

Now, she asks Dr. Sanborne, long retired, to meet her. Elizabeth confesses her fear that her marriage is false because she experimented on Jack. Dr. Sanborne gives a lengthy analysis of research on love and on the placebo effect. Much is still unknown about both, so there is no way to fully explain why either works as it does.

Part 13, Chapter 38 Summary

The novel flashes back to Elizabeth’s adolescence.

A few weeks after having to measure spaces in the mall parking lot, Elizabeth goes to a dinner her father is hosting where several business associates present him with an award. During the dinner, he constantly reminds her not to slouch; when he tells the group that she has enrolled in college preparatory courses for the fall, Elizabeth lists the philosophers she has been reading, but stops when she remembers her mother’s mandate against bragging. As dinner ends, her father tells Elizabeth that the family is likely moving to Washington, DC, in the fall, so Elizabeth will not be able to go on the trip with Maggie Percy.

The next morning, Elizabeth plays a game of tennis against her father while his colleagues watch. She decides, for the first time, not to let her father win. Her father becomes so enraged that he breaks three rackets during the game. He throws one at Elizabeth and hits her with it.

Part 13, Chapter 39 Summary

The novel flashes back to Jack’s young adulthood.

It is 1992, and Jack is in college. Photography is still analog and because art supplies are expensive, so he resorts to salvaging materials that other students have thrown away. Because the discarded photo paper is usually no longer able to be manipulated by light, Jack uses a new technique, experimenting with chemicals. He writes abstract papers calling his work conceptual art in a way that pleases his instructors, but when he works on these pieces, he is really thinking about Evelyn.

After Evelyn’s death, Lawrence became even more silent and detached, not working and just watching television numbly. Ruth began working several different jobs. She accused Jack of directing Evelyn to the wrong field that night on purpose, out of anger for how much more Evelyn was loved and her many skills and talents. Ruth insisted Jack attend church four times a week. By his senior year of high school, however, Jack quit church and made up his mind to leave Kansas.

He applied to the Art Institute using Evelyn’s landscape paintings. Before he left home, he took countless photographs of a lone tree that had sprung up in the middle of the field where she died. He still pretends this tree is her grave.

Part 13, Chapter 40 Summary

The novel returns to the present.

Jack sorts through his father’s possessions, which are sparse. He is shocked, however, to find a cabinet filled with supplements and other health treatments. Ruth notes that Lawrence grew to distrust doctors, which makes his online fanaticism make a bit more sense to Jack. When Jack brings up Evelyn’s death, Ruth reveals that Lawrence blamed Ruth, certain that Ruth had intentionally sent Evelyn to the wrong field out of jealousy for how special she was to Lawrence. Jack is angry, as this is exactly what his mother accused him of doing. Now, she isn’t sure exactly what happened on that night, nor where the miscommunication occurred. Jack is unsurprised when Ruth refuses to apologize.

As he leaves, he thinks about Evelyn’s painting lessons. Jack has an epiphany about what has gone wrong in his marriage, and then decides he must let Elizabeth go.

Part 13, Chapter 41 Summary

Jack returns to Chicago, but tells Elizabeth he needs to spend some time apart and will be staying at the Shipworks building for a while. Wellness is closing permanently: Brandie has been publicly revealing that their products are placebo on social media. Elizabeth packs up the building and recalls the time her father threw the tennis racket at her. Though she was physically and emotionally hurt, everyone insisted it was an accident. Elizabeth was never consoled, one of the many times during her adolescence when she needed help and no one gave it to her. After the racket incident, she retreated to the servants’ quarters. As she cried, Elizabeth heard a scratch and, upon opening an attic door, released dozens of bats. The fumes used to exterminate the bats also flooded into the room and made Elizabeth lightheaded; she momentarily considered dying by suicide.

Elizabeth comes across an article de-bunking the conclusions drawn by the marshmallow experiment. The article argues that the children who delayed gratification and waited to eat the marshmallow were from wealthy families—they believed in the promise that they could have two in the future. The other children were from homes where access to something positive in the present did not mean that the future would offer similar options—they made the rational choice to eat the marshmallow in front of them. Elizabeth apologizes to Toby for making him engage in the apple turnover experiment and he explains that he ate the turnover immediately because he believes that she is perfect. Elizabeth is shocked into an epiphany—she has purposely fallen short of achieving perfection throughout her adult life to appease her father, who hated when her successes outdid his.

She heads to Shipworks to see Jack, but runs into Benjamin on the way. He tells her all of the investors have pulled out of the construction due to the protests. It is unlikely that they will be able to successfully sue, as the investors are largely illegal offshore shell companies. To recoup some of their money, he has instead set fire to the building for the insurance. Benjamin assures Elizabeth that Jack vacated the building before setting the fire, but Elizabeth rushes over anyway. She sees Jack watching the fire and decides that perhaps he is her soulmate after all.

Part 13, Chapter 42 Summary

The novel flashes back to the beginning of Jack and Elizabeth’s relationship.

Twenty-something Jack and Elizabeth lounge together in her Chicago apartment. They muse about what it means to be a couple and about the concept of soulmates.

Parts 11-13 Analysis

The novel traces Jack’s relationship with his father through the various algorithms used by Facebook, social commentary that shows Technology’s Impact on Society. Through the story of one computer-unsavvy man, the novel provides insight into how people like Lawrence fall prey to conspiracy-minded thinking; it also shows that even people as aware of how Facebook works as Jack can get sucked into internet-triggered outrage. The dynamic is tragic: Instead of following through on his desire to apologize for neglecting his son and repair their relationship before he dies, Lawrence is distracted into a growing obsession with Ebola as a governmental conspiracy. For Facebook, Lawrence’s engagement with extremist rabbit holes is much more valuable than his interest in his son’s life and desire to interact with friends—one results in increased advertising revenue and the other doesn’t. By presenting this plot thread in the form of a list of algorithm improvements, the novel satirizes that we’ve allowed profit-seeking tech to rule our emotional lives and makes the conflict between Jack and Lawrence all the more poignant.

The novel finally reveals the trauma that gives context to Jack’s present-day character: his sister’s death. That Evelyn is no longer living likely comes as a surprise to the reader, as the first sign of her absence only occurs when she is absent from Lawrence’s funeral. Delaying the revelation of her death is a deliberate structural choice that heightens the tension the novel builds around Jack’s lack of contact with his parents and Lawrence’s apology for a mysterious wrongdoing. Jack avoids referencing Evelyn’s death, choosing to repress thinking about her absence from his life; the cause and aftermath of her death help explain how deeply wounding this event was for Jack. He carries extreme guilt for the accident that killed her, spurred by his mother to imagine himself responsible.

After his father’s funeral, Jack is able to find some closure with this aspect of his life. Returning to Kansas, Jack comes to important realizations: that Lawrence did love him, which he showed by quietly accepting Jack for who he was, even though Lawrence had a difficult time understanding or relating to that person; that Ruth blamed Jack for Evelyn’s death because of her own trauma of not being Lawrence’s first choice of bride, feeling jealous over his deep love for Evelyn, and being accused (by Lawrence) of intentionally causing Evelyn’s death; and that Ruth will never relent or admit any harm she caused Jack. Jack now finds himself able to peacefully walk away from his childhood.

The novel ends on The Power of Placebo. Elizabeth finally confesses why she feels so insecure in her relationship with Jack. Because Jack has always placed great importance on the idea that he and Elizabeth fell in love at first sight, he has always been certain that they are meant to be together forever. But when they first met, Elizabeth recreated an experiment meant to simulate love by mimicking its physical symptoms, so she worries that Jack’s feelings for her are fabricated and feels extreme guilt over possibly tricking Jack into falling in love with her. She also grows increasingly doubtful that she loves Jack as much as she should and certain that their entire marriage is inauthentic. However, the end of the novel allows Elizabeth to distance herself from the psychological research that dominates the way she thinks about the people in her life. By talking with Dr. Sanborne, however, Elizabeth settles her dissonance about her marriage, becoming content with loving Jack in the moment and accepting that she can never know for sure whether they are soulmates. Likewise, an article debunking the original marshmallow study forces Elizabeth to reconsider her attitude toward Toby and his challenges. She has allowed herself to see him as a failure because of another recreated experiment, but now she understands that giving into to momentary pleasure is perfectly rational under some circumstances and should not color how she imagines his entire life. The novel offers its characters the chance to reject the oppressive weight of scientific and technological progress and form less-influenced ideas about one another.

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