34 pages • 1 hour read
Clifford OdetsA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Florence, a young woman, waits for her date, Sid, to arrive and take her to a dance. She argues with her brother, Irv, who tries to convince her not to go. Florence insists that she is in love and always behaves, and therefore can see who she wants. But neither Irv nor their sick, bedridden mother wants the relationship to continue because Sid is a taxi driver and doesn’t make enough money to support a family. Florence points out that cab drivers once made good money, but Irv replies that they’re not making more than five or six dollars per week now. Florence doesn’t care, arguing that she also brings some money into the house, and that she wants to marry him but wants more in life than just marriage and babies anyways. Irv tells Florence, “You take care of Mom and watch your step!” (18) He threatens to force her to obey, insinuating potential violence against his sister or Sid. Irv suggests that she wait to consider marrying, and Florence asks why they can’t send their mother to a hospital. Irv retorts that a hospital costs money that they don’t have.
Irv demands, “You gonna stop seeing him?” (19), then softens. She agrees to have a conversation with Sid about it when he comes over. Irv urges, “Don’t get soft with him. Nowadays is no time to be soft. You gotta be hard as a rock or go under” (19). Sid rings the doorbell, and Florence sends Irv out of the room. Sid greets her as Florrie, and she says that he seems tired. Sid replies that he just needs to shave. They flirt, joking as if they are rich celebrities. Then they kiss lovingly. He presses her to open up, but he knows that she’s worried about their future and that her family hates him. Sid understands, as he is sick of living life in poverty too. He mentions his brother, Sam, who just joined the military, but promises Florence that he won’t leave her to do the same.
Sid and Florence have been engaged for three years, but Sid doesn’t see how they can afford to get married and be together. They lament their terrible luck, how they love each other but are under the foot of “the big shot money men” (21), always drawing a bad hand while the game is rigged. Sid’s brother had an education unlike him, but still ended up in the military, where he’ll end up pointing a gun at people in other countries who had also been dealt bad hands. Sadly, Sid tells Florence that they would be better off apart. Florence swears that she’d rather be poor with him, but he insists that she would eventually regret it. Sid states, “We got the blues, Babe—the 1935 blues” (22). Florence says that she’s willing to leave her family, even if they need her, but Sid knows that she wouldn’t do it. Sid turns on the phonograph and plays a song. They dance slowly, embracing each other. They stop and say hello to each other. Then Sid says goodbye. He offers Florence his Pat Rooney impression, but Florence bursts into tears. Sid drops down to his knees, burying his face in her lap.
Fatt addresses the union, asserting that the men don’t even understand everything that the union does to help them. He introduces Tom Clayton, who has traveled two hours from Philadelphia to describe his own experience striking with his fellow cab drivers in Philly three months prior. Clayton enters from the audience. Amiably, he explains that he’s one of them, and that Fatt is correct that striking is pointless. A voice from the audience heckles him, and Fatt sends his henchmen to subdue him. But the owner of the voice breaks free and races up to the stage, announcing that Clayton is really named Clancy, that he’s a company spy. Fatt prepares to throw the man out, but the man insists, “I paid dues in this union for four years […]. I gotta right and this pussy-footed rat ain’t coming in here with ideas like that. You know his record” (24).
Hotly, the man in the audience says that he prove his claims. “Clayton” calls him a liar. But the man goes on to declare that “Clayton” had worked for two years in the coal fields, breaking up unions and putting about 50 men in jail. He’s been union-busting all over the east coast in different industries. He works for a company that supplies men to infiltrate and spy when workers start talking about striking and protesting. “Clayton” angrily denies this, and the man reveals that he knows “Clayton” because “Clayton” is his brother. Fatt is surprised to learn this, and the man orders “Clayton” to get out, announcing, “Too bad you didn’t know about this, Fatt! […] The Clancy family tree is bearing nuts!” (25) “Clayton” runs away through the aisles, leaving the man “isolated clear on the stage [as] the hero of the next episode” (25).
Dr. Barnes, an older gentleman, argues furiously on the phone about a decision regarding Dr. Benjamin, in which Barnes had been outvoted. Barnes starts to pour a drink for himself, but there’s a knock at the door. Hiding the bottle, Barnes admits Dr. Benjamin. Benjamin is upset because he was scrubbed and prepared to perform a hysterectomy on a patient named Mrs. Lewis, but the surgery had been hijacked by Dr. Leeds, who Benjamin calls incompetent. Sardonically, Barnes notes that Leeds is the nephew of a senator. Barnes tries to change the subject and then says that Mrs. Lewis is “a charity case” (26), the only reason that Leeds has been allowed to take her surgery. Barnes is concerned for the patient’s life and Benjamin says that he is also angry. Benjamin expresses frustration at “this flagrant bit of class distinction” (26), but Barnes warns him that those words could get him into trouble. Reluctantly, Barnes informs Benjamin that the hospital board has decided to close Ward C, a charity ward, and that Benjamin would be one of the employees caught in the staff cutbacks. Benjamin wonders why he’s losing his job when he has seniority, and Barnes explains that it’s “an old disease, malignant, tumescent. We need an anti-toxin for it” (27)
Understanding, Benjamin comments that he has seen this sickness—antisemitism—before. He recognizes that he's being fired because he’s Jewish. Benjamin thinks of his parents, who had sacrificed to get him through medical school. Barnes says, “Doctors don’t run medicine in this country. The men who know their jobs don’t run anything here, except the motormen on trolley cars. I’ve seen medicine change—plenty—anesthesia, sterilization—but not because of rich men—in spite of them” (28). Barnes receives a phone call, and they learn that Benjamin’s former patient has died on the operating table. Benjamin is stunned and angry, and Barnes urges him to pick up the cause and fight. Benjamin says that he had once considered going to practice medicine in Russia to take advantage of their socialized medicine. But now, he is determined to stay in America and fight the system with the working class, even if he has to work as a cab driver to do it. There’s a blackout.
Lights come up on the union meeting, and Agate Keller, an older worker, addresses the group. A voice in the crowd heckles him, making fun of his glass eye, but Agate asserts that his glass eye is a badge of honor—proof that he is working class, having lost the eye while working in a factory when he was only eleven. Agate criticizes union officers, and when Fatt’s men start to advance on him, he sarcastically says that he isn’t talking about this union. Agate claims that he couldn’t wear his union badge today because it had caught fire, having “blushed itself to death” from shame (30). Fatt and the gunman manhandle Agate, but he breaks away and continues to speak. Agate gives the communist salute, comparing it to “an uppercut to the chin” (30). He exclaims, “Christ, we’re dyin’ by inches! For what? For the debutant-ees to have their sweet comin’ out parties at the Ritz! […] Christ, they make ’em with our blood. Joe said it. Slow death or fight. It’s war!” (30) Agate praises those who have spoken out and points out that the bosses want to turn “reds” into monsters, but the men who had fed him and helped him had called him Comrade. Agate urges them to stop waiting for Lefty in case he never comes. Suddenly, a man makes his way through the audience and tells everyone that Lefty has been found behind the garages, dead with a bullet in his head. Agate calls to the men assembled to fight, even to the death. They all start chanting, “STRIKE, STRIKE, STRIKE!!!” (31).
The workers are waiting for Lefty because they feel that they need a leader. Each hesitates to step forward and take the risk, despite the fact that there is strength in numbers—a fact that Fatt knows as he tries to trick the drivers into giving up the idea of striking. Fatt embodies American capitalism. He knows that if the workers band together they’ll have strength.
The discovery that Lefty has been executed proves that Fatt and his contemporaries are willing to follow through with their threats of violence. But the vignettes in the play demonstrate that each man has leadership potential, the ability to stand and be brave. Sid is deeply in love with Florence, but he gives up the relationship because he feels that it’s best for her. His love for her is also potent enough to inspire him to fight, because better pay and conditions means that he might be able to marry her. Joe is an average man, but galvanized to fight to prevent his family from going hungry. Dr. Benjamin is a trained surgeon who loses his job due to the antisemitism that exists in a system dominated by nepotism and privilege rather than medicine. Rather than go to Russia, Benjamin sacrifices his medical career to fight for workers’ rights.
The voice from the audience exposes his own brother as the company spy, demonstrating the unscrupulous ways that the rich will sow the seeds of distrust among workers in order to keep them divided and conquered. Fatt (or one of his colleagues) has Lefty killed, because he is certain that without a unique voice to serve as the head, the rebellion of the workers will die like a headless creature.
However, the workers give his murder meaning. Lefty becomes a martyr that inspires them to act, to become martyr themselves, to make the lives of others better.
Agate finally speaks as the voice of experience. He addresses the fearmongering surrounding the words “red” and “communism,” and says that those who had offered him food and kindness had called him comrade. He doesn’t step up as the leader. Instead, he encourages the men to act for themselves. This illustrates the importance of not waiting for a savior, but of being your own savior. Leaders—even the strong ones—are fallible and human. For a movement to work, it must rely on the collective, not the individual.
With Agate’s encouragement, the discovery that Lefty is not coming serves to spur the men to action rather than causing them to fall apart. The play pushes audience members to stand together, to take action. To not wait for a single powerful voice.