69 pages • 2 hours read
Nathan HarrisA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Caleb was made prisoner, exchanged, and then paroled and instructed to obey Union rule and return home. Isabelle and George prod Caleb for information on his capture, but he changes the subject. During the interrogation, Caleb notices his parents have aged significantly and that there is a lack of warmth, eye contact, and conversation between them. George notices Caleb’s pistol and tells him he will place it with his grandfather’s rifles in the cellar.
The next morning, George explains the brothers’ role in developing the peanut farm. Caleb recalls George’s failed past endeavors, such as making moonshine and cabinet making. Caleb leaves for town, and George tells him he wants to know more about the marks on his face when he returns.
The narrator reveals that Caleb and August did not serve on the front lines like many soldiers from Old Ox. Instead, because of August’s father’s influence, they were tasked with guarding the railways a distance from the battle. Most of their time was spent playing pranks and enjoying each other’s company. Caleb’s facial scars came from Union soldiers beating him with the butt of a rifle after learning he had deserted the Confederate army. Caleb does not feel that his desertion was shameful but rather an attempt to survive. He asserts that August was the only soldier from home to witness his act of cowardice and feels terrible about abandoning him.
Old Ox looks different to Caleb. Storefronts are guarded by Union soldiers, and other than a suspicious glance, nobody really seems to be concerned by him. Children play in the streets and spend time with their parents. Permanent homes replace lean-tos and fresh grass spreads across the edge of the village. Mayor’s Row, a housing development at the edge of town, houses many well-to-do families. The Webler’s home is large with well-maintained shrubbery around its exterior. Mr. Webler yells to him from the porch, surprised to see that he is alive. He invites Caleb into the house where both Black and white children are scrubbing floors after a gala Mr. Webler held the previous evening. Webler comments that there are still gracious Christians in the town willing to support his fundraising and that all of Grant’s army could fill the house and their values would still be preserved. A drunk Webler engages Caleb in a story about his time fighting in Mexico and shooting a man just as August appears from an upstairs room.
August invites Caleb to their old childhood hideaway. He apologizes for his father’s behavior, and Caleb apologizes for abandoning August in the war. When Caleb asks August what happened to him, he explains that he was injured and sent home and began working with his father. When Caleb again apologizes, August slaps him across the face, and Caleb tackles him. The men rough house, and August tells Caleb that the gala was to raise money for his arranged marriage to Natasha Beddenfeld. Caleb offers August his blessing, though both know that Caleb is not happy with the arrangement.
The narrator reveals that Caleb and August shared a kiss and consummated their relationship at the pond a few weeks before the war. Caleb enlisted because he thought it would strengthen his relationship with August. August reassures Caleb that his marriage to Natasha will not change their relationship. He tenderly touches Caleb’s face, and the two men return home.
Isabelle experiences an “uncompromised freedom” as she deals first with Caleb’s loss and then his reappearance. She feels that George has placed his grief in his project with Prentiss and Landry and left her to face life by herself. Even after her brother Silas visits and leaves for home she wonders if siblings grow apart without losing that bond that unites them.
Isabelle contemplates Caleb’s aloofness and his weak physical features that she thinks rendered him too fragile for war. She asks Caleb to work with George in the field, but he suggests that his father did not need additional help. Worried that George’s distance from her would spread to Caleb, she offers to pay Caleb for his work. That night she asks George to ask Caleb for help, and the next morning when George extends the invitation, Caleb reluctantly agrees.
Isabelle visits the field where the men are working. She feels an “awe of miracle” when she sees the farm developing out of a forest. Believing she is witnessing something intimate, she returns to the cabin and vows not to return to the field. Ted Morton and his hand Gail Cooley arrive and ask for George. When Isabelle tells them George is busy, Morton and Cooley proceed to the field with Isabelle in pursuit. Morton tells George that Prentiss and Landry are his property and that he has raised them from the cradle, fed them, and put a roof over their head and accuses George of stealing his property. Prentiss tells Morton that the conditions at his farm were not as good as he described them. Morton tells George that he is preparing his farm incorrectly and that his peanut seeds are unlikely to grow. George asks Morton not to return to his farm unannounced. Caleb predicts that the men will return, but George, unphased by the events, continues to work.
Later that evening, Caleb drives Isabelle to a social gathering at the Beddenfeld’s home. Caleb tells her that George speaks of her often and that he is perplexed as to why they do not talk to each other much anymore. He reveals that he hadn’t seen such anger in Morton’s face before and worries that Prentiss may flee. Caleb does not understand why his father keeps the men and says that people in town are saying bad things behind George’s back.
As they arrive at the Beddenfeld’s, Isabelle acknowledges the noises of society as the “sounds of excess.” She observes the gaudy elegance of the Beddenfeld’s home. When she enters, all the women except for Mildred fawn over her. Over dinner Sarah Beddenfeld asks if it is true that George is building a plantation to circumvent enslaving workers. The women continue gossiping about George’s plans and relationship with the brothers. Isabelle defends George as an honest, passionate man and abruptly excuses herself from the table. While walking home in the dark, Mildred offers to give Isabelle a ride home. Isabelle is touched that Mildred left the party for her, and the two have a good laugh about the events that transpired. When Isabelle returns to her cabin, she sees George making dinner for Caleb, Prentiss, and Landry. Isabelle joins them for dinner and comments on how their company is better than any she had at the Beddenfeld’s party.
After days of rain, George visits Ezra in Old Ox. He observes the town’s squalor but feels a little relieved that some of the freedmen’s tents were empty, suggesting that they found a decent place to get out of the weather. He visits the Palace Tavern and is relieved to see that many soldiers have returned home.
Brigadier General Arnold Glass, a Union leader, introduces himself to George and tells him he has spoken to Wade Webler about rebuilding the city and forming a city council. He wants George to join the council, but George asserts his unhappiness with the treatment of recently freed men. Glass argues that the price of freedom is worth the suffering of a few and reminds George that his father had enslaved workers. George declines the offer and continues looking for Ezra.
George finds Ezra sitting alone in the tavern. Ezra reveals that he also declined to join the committee. Ezra is angry that returning soldiers are already asking for loans and begging on street corners complaining about how the freed slaves have stolen their jobs. George scoffs at Ezra’s negativity and concludes that Ezra has asked him there to ask for more of his land. He warns George that the town is talking about his arrangement with Prentiss and Landry and that the Confederate soldiers have returned home humiliated and restless. The brothers coming into Old Ox bargaining for goods with their pockets lined with cash while the soldiers beg for money in the streets angers some of the townspeople. Ezra warns George that he and his family are in danger.
When George tries to leave the tavern a soldier’s voice calls out to him and asks if he is Caleb’s father. When George confirms his identity, the boy raises his fist to George’s face and tells him that that is what traitors get. A large man, turning out to be Charlie, Mildred Foster’s son, intervenes and says that George is his mother’s friend. As the scene deescalates, George bids them all a good evening and leaves the tavern.
On his way home, George thinks about Taffy, a young girl about his age his father had bought when George was just 11 years old. He believes that Taffy was brought into the household to serve as a maid and learn the chores for which his mother was responsible. George and Taffy developed a strong friendship until one day George tells her that he loves her. George’s mother sells Taffy after his father’s death, and George feels guilt for doing nothing as Taffy was removed from their home.
George stops at a brothel where he meets with a woman named Clementine. She listens to his concerns about the town, Prentiss and Landry, Isabelle, and Caleb’s death and sudden return. George cannot help but see a resemblance in Clementine’s face to Taffy’s. He reveals that his family is tied to him but not Prentiss and Landry. He concludes that he pays them to keep him company, “to keep some facet of himself alive” (128). George is concerned that townspeople will come to his farm with torches in hand to seek revenge. Concluding that he will not pay with his life, he is worried that Prentiss and Landry would pay with theirs and that he would not be courageous enough to stand beside them. He feels that he is a burden to both his family and the two men and vows to provide Prentiss and Landry safe passage out of Old Ox.
Landry roams the countryside and feels an unshakeable sense of dread. Sundays were his day off from working George’s farm, so he would take to the woods to be alone. While wild animals mostly provided company on these mornings, a few times he was comforted by the sight of women washing their children in the creek. Deeper in the woods, he becomes lost, but the light of a fire brings him to two men, who climb a tree and bludgeon roosting birds blinded from the sudden glare of their light. As he watches the men, he feels as if he, too, is being watched. He feels something wet at his hand and realizes someone has placed one of the bludgeoned pigeons next to him. He takes the pigeon back to the barn.
Prentiss tells Landry that George thinks they should leave. Prentiss told George that they will stay until the end of peanut season. Once the peanuts are ready to harvest, Landry observes that they are imperfect but somehow appropriate for the random world in which they live. While he dozes under a walnut tree, Landry is interrupted by Isabelle. She tells Landry that she is comforted by their presence and thanks him for helping George and Caleb. She tells Landry that she knows he does not speak, not because of his jaw but rather because he chooses not to.
One Sunday morning Prentiss asks to join Landry. Landry touches Prentiss’s hand and holds him to his chest and leaves. One day in the woods Landry visits an area that George had shown him. Landry hid some of his belongings under a canopy of greens. He had acquired knitting needles and yarn from a woman and on his days away from the barn, he would knit the way his mother used to. He knitted a shawl and gloves that were not so good, but finally began knitting a pair of socks. He had taken socks from Isabelle’s clothesline to serve as a model. When Isabelle had showed herself and wished to talk to him at the clothesline, he recognized that she was as lonely and silenced as he. The socks, barely bigger than a child’s foot, would be perfect for a woman. He takes his finished socks and proudly hangs them on the clothesline.
When Landry comes across the pond, he feels relaxed and free. He dreams of having a cabin next to the pond and living freely on the wide-open landscape. He knows Prentiss plans to move North, but he wonders if building a house would interest George. While concealed in the water, he sees Caleb and another boy engaging in sexual activity. He gets out of the water, dresses, and realizes that the unknown boy has seen him. Landry runs back toward the barn and hears footsteps upon him.
This section of the novel builds upon the backstories, symbols, and conflicts established in the first seven chapters. These chapters provide details about Caleb’s war experiences and the role of courage and masculinity among soldiers and the southern communities. Of equal importance in these chapters is Harris’s attention to contrasts between the clashing cultures of the North and South and the development of identity in the face of enormous change following the Civil War.
Harris provides a controversial commentary on the role of courage and masculinity in the American South before, during, and following the war. The most obvious commentary emerges from Caleb’s and August’s roles as soldiers. Dressed in their best soldier attire as they are sent to join the troops, readers learn that they are stationed at a railway away from the fighting and not on the front lines. “Where so many were losing life and limb, he and August had been kept to guarding the railways, off in the distance, spending their nights with little worry, wrapped up in childish pranks and games of draughts, such that the whole enterprise had the air of a tour” (80). While symbolically serving in the war as masculine, courageous soldiers, they are still children, playing childish games in a grown man’s world. Additionally, Isabelle reflects on Caleb’s fragility, and the narrator tells us that “she was sure that his body, too soft and fragile for the climate of war, would leave him more prone to hurt than the other boys” (96). Isabelle’s notion emphasizes her son’s childish appearance and demeaner, clearly not yet ready to serve as a man in the army.
While at war, Caleb falls short of society’s expectations of masculinity and courage. Caleb deserts the war effort and is taken captive by Union soldiers. While a captive, the soldiers punish him by beating him in the face with the blunt end of a gun. As a captive, the Union soldiers punish him for his unforgivable act of deserting his fellow soldiers in time of war, even though it is their enemy he has deserted. All the while Caleb is being beaten, he is not concerned with the pain or the possibility that they may kill him but rather that his face will be disfigured for life. Caleb complains enough that the soldiers leave his face alone and begin beating him in the groin; “his only good fortune,” the narrator says, “was that when they got sick of his complaining, they aimed for his groin and let his face go on healing” (80). This action is another symbolic act of Caleb’s emasculation.
The commentary on masculinity is further heightened by August and Caleb’s romantic relationship. Alluded to earlier in the novel where the men share a passionate moment at the pond before August leaves for war, Chapter 11 presents an overtly sexual experience between both men. As Confederate soldiers and representatives of the American South with ties to families who uphold southern tradition, the display of sexuality suggests that neither of the men uphold the cultural expectations of their masculinity. Even before the war, after their initial display of affection for each other, Caleb believed that going into war together “in the foolish part of his brain which had made him love August in the first place, that it would bring them closer” (91) and that “he feared what would happen if August was left in the presence of other soldiers without him. To imagine him building bonds that might very well discount their own was an impossibility” (91). The narrator confirms that Caleb’s commitment to the war is not about bravely protecting his country but to cultivate the romantic relationship with August.
George, too, wavers in his masculinity. While walking back from the tavern after being warned about his family’s safety, he stops at a brothel. He converses with Clementine, a sex worker, who takes a special interest in George’s story. George does not engage in sexual intercourse with the woman, as customers are doing with others in adjacent rooms, but rather pays Clementine to listen to his stories and give advice, to which she happily obliges.
Caleb and August’s relationship is just one connection Harris complicates in this section of the novel. Harris presents a duality in these chapters, symbols that suggest a Northern versus Southern ideal in the time of war. First, Ted Morton’s plantation shares a property line with George’s farm. Majesty’s Palace, slowly falling into disrepair, is regularly contrasted with George’s developing property from a wooded area of nothingness to something that holds meaning. George and his land, as symbols of the forward-thinking industrialized North, engages in a partnership with Prentiss and Landry, freedmen, all of whom are looking for a new beginning. Morton and his plantation hold on to the past, trying to salvage what is left of their identity. The once beautiful fountain at the entrance of the property is now broken and falling apart with no one to fix it. The narrator says, “pitiful, George thought, as Ted stared at the leaky fountain, helpless to a fissure he had no capacity to fix” (43). The fissure, a representation of the fracturing of Southern ideals of plantation enslavement, was something that Ted, a wealthy enslaver, could not prevent.
Isabelle, too, is symbolic of the pre-war South. She is a homemaker, a Southern belle, who mourns the death of her son after he leaves for war. She shrinks away from her social obligations and her husband, and when she finally emerges, she realizes that her society is not what she wants. When she arrives at the Beddenfeld’s for her first social interaction since Caleb’s assumed death, “sounds of excess, vice not of the religious order but of the human order, the noises of society fending off despair with routine” (104) greets her at the door. When she attends the Beddenfeld party, she is an outcast. She stands up for her husband and his decision to house the brothers.
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