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58 pages 1 hour read

Hanya Yanagihara

The People in the Trees

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2013

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Part 5Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 5: “The First Child”

Part 5, Chapter 1 Summary

The team returns to the US and despite his lack of an established reputation, Norton secures a lab at Stanford to study the dreamers, while Tallent, with the discovery of a lost tribe, becomes an anthropological hero. Norton sedates the dreamers and keeps them confined. Their mental state quickly begins to deteriorate in this new setting, but their physical health remains strong. However’ Norton’s secret experiment to prove that the opa’ivu’eke meat enhances longevity is postponed for a year due to lack of space and funding.

When he finally begins, he feeds the meat of the opa’ivu’eke to mice and observes their physical health, mental demeanor, and overall lifespan. He keeps this experiment a secret from Tallent and spends his free time learning the U’ivuan language. His brother, Owen, is teaching nearby, and Norton goes to dinner with him. At this dinner, Owen comes out to his brother with a metaphor, and Norton reflects on how complex his own life and self has become in comparison after his journey to U’ivu.

Part 5, Chapter 2 Summary

The mice that ate the opa’ivu’eke meat continue to live well past their normal lifespan, and Norton’s publication of his findings is met with immense skepticism. He wants a better lab and coordinates with Sereny, who wishes to replicate his experiment. Norton sends Sereny one of the legs of the opa’ivu’eke. Around the same time, Norton’s mice begin to mentally deteriorate. He does not reveal this in any of his publications, however, for he doesn’t want to alarm people and wants to be the first one to solve the problem. Meanwhile, Sereny conducts his own experiment with mice and publishes findings that replicate Norton’s results. Norton goes from a scientific pariah to a near-god in the field.

Tallent finally comes to visit him and the dreamers upon his return from his second trip to Ivu’ivu. He tells Norton that the tribe is finished now that Norton’s publications have brought the attention of the world to the shores of the island. Before leaving the lab, Tallent visits the dreamers and is infuriated by their treatment and advanced state of mental deterioration. Norton returns to U’ivu with Tallent and Esme and meets with the king, gaining permission to continue to Ivu’ivu. Before he departs for the island, he is brought to Fa’a’s family, who are ostracized by the community because of his trip and death. Norton refuses the family’s offer to adopt either of Fa’a’s two children. He makes it back to the village on Ivu’ivu and joins Esme and Tallent seven years after their first trip. His goal on this trip is to find two opa’ivu’ekes and take them back to his lab. He succeeds in finding the lake and spends much of his time in the village, forging connections with the children, and for the first time, he contemplates having children of his own.

Part 5, Chapter 3 Summary

Norton returns to his lab as the race to Ivu’ivu heats up. More schools and companies are trying to gain access to the village. Sereny questions Norton as he begins seeing the mental deterioration in his own mice, and Norton finally reveals the price of immortality. Their conversation pushes him to publish his findings on the mental decay, and this information worsens the world’s rush to access the island. He makes another trip to Ivu’ivu for two more turtles and realizes that it will be the last time the islands of U’ivu will ever be the same, for news of his research has exacerbated the greed of pharmacological companies and universities. There is even an attempted break-in at Norton’s lab. Meanwhile, the swift decline of U’ivu and the violation of the village on Ivu’ivu causes Tallent to completely shut Norton out of his life.

Two years pass, and Norton moves from Stanford to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), taking the dreamers, opa’ivu’ekes, and mice with him. The move causes a swift, final decline in the health of the opa’ivu’ekes and the mental state of the dreamers. Even the mice suffer, dying at six times their life expectancy. In 1961, Norton returns to U’ivu and sees foreign influences everywhere. As he makes his way to the village, he encounters competing pharmacological camps. Realizing that outside influences have forced the villagers to abandon their way of life, he regrets how much has been abandoned. Norton learns that before he arrived, Tallent was on the island, but soon disappeared, never to be seen again. Norton searches for him and is crushed when he cannot find him.

Part 5, Chapter 4 Summary

The opa’ivu’ekes are hunted to extinction by the competing labs and universities. When the turtles are gone, these groups tear Ivu’ivu apart, relocating the village to U’ivu and taking as much flora and fauna as they can in hopes that something else will have the same effect of immortality. However, all the destruction is for nothing, and immortality slips away. Other dreamers are found on the island and are taken by the various companies. An increase in review boards and ethical standards for scientific experimentation and observation cause Norton to lose access to his dreamers. Soon, everyone turns on Norton, blaming him for the destruction of Ivu’ivu and the failure of the opa’ivu’eke’s immortality. With the quest officially undermined, the labs and companies leave U’ivu in a state of disarray, opening the door for the return of the missionaries who succeed in converting the islanders to Christianity. Life on U’ivu is completely disrupted, and in the aftermath, the island and people fall into disarray, with alcoholism and disease running rampant.

Norton returns to U’ivu biannually and on one such trip, adopts Muiva, the first of his many children. He adopts new children on nearly every trip, including the grandson of his former guide, Uva. By adopting, he hopes to regain the closeness he had in his relationships with the boys on Ivu’ivu. However, the adoptions don’t end his loneliness, and with each subsequent adoption, the period of happiness shortens. His adoptions briefly shift the public narrative of him to a brighter light, but as the number of children grows, he once again attains the status of a predatory villain. When Norton wins the Nobel Prize, the social criticism of him ceases. He continues travelling to U’ivu every few years and regrets to see many of the common traditions disappear. On one trip, he is stopped before departing by a man that demands he take his child. Norton refuses until he recognizes the man as the boy from the a’ina’ina so many years ago. He agrees, trading scraps from his pocket for the boy. He names the boy Victor.

Part 5 Analysis

In this section of the novel, the author uses the worldwide furor that erupts following Norton’s publications to highlight the ethical dilemmas inherent in the age-old tendency of politically dominant nations to invade smaller communities and systematically strip them of their resources in the name of science and innovation. Within the context of the narrative, invading forces even go so far as to commit gross human rights violations, holding the dreamers captive in numerous laboratories, using the lure of immortality as a rationalization for disrupting and essentially annihilating the essence of the villagers’ lifestyle, community, and culture in the process, not to mention hunting the opa’ivu’eke to utter extinction in their greed. Thus, the author uses her story to issue a scathing critique of The Systematic Exploitation of Indigenous People that has occurred multiple times throughout history. As U’ivu is inundated by a veritable flood of university researchers and pharmacological companies, the nation is left in complete disarray, its people scattered and destroyed. As Norton says, this is not a unique or new process, and is recognizable in other Micronesian nations.

In his many subsequent trips to the island, Norton witnesses the deterioration of U’ivu on both natural and cultural levels even as he initiates his own strange version of plunder, adopting his large family of young boys little by little. Thus, the novel explores a new aspect of his acute sense of Loneliness Within Community, for as Norton’s acclaim in the wider world gives way to a tattered reputation upon his failure to solve the mystery of immortality, he seeks a new source of narcissistic supply in the boys he systematically adopts. Striving to banish his own growing sense of isolation in the midst of his scientific failures, he strives instead to regain a new version of the emotional connection he once enjoyed with the young boys on the island. Returning to Ivu’ivu, he is introduced to Fa’a’s family, whose members are also alone and isolated after Fa’a’s death and cultural transgression. The scene once again shows how Loneliness Within Community develops even in such a tight-knit community, for Fa’a’s children and his wife are ignored and receive no recognition from the village. They are ostracized from their own society and given no other place but the sea to go.

Yet despite this and other evidence that Norton’s presence on the island precipitated the devastation that befalls both individuals and the larger community of Ivu’ivu as a whole, Norton refuses to take responsibility for his actions, in true narcissistic fashion, for he does not see his actions as those that intentionally sought to destroy the island. Regardless of his willful denial, however his exhibited indifference to the people’s beliefs and culture is well documented at this point in the story. He manipulated Mua into leading him to the lake for an opa’ivu’eke and published his findings knowing what havoc the revelation would bring to the island. Additionally, he insists that he went solely for adventure, but at times he is more motivated by proving himself to others than mere adventure, and fights to bring back the dreamers and opa’ivu’eke so that he can make a name for himself. Norton presents his actions as harmless because they are not motivated by the wish to destroy U’ivu, but his actions did ultimately cause a chain reaction leading to the island’s destruction, and thus, and his attempt to pass the blame to others exhibits his indifference to his own exploitation of the Ivu’ivuans, illustrating a significant manifestation of The Systematic Exploitation of Indigenous People. As he himself states, “I did what any scientist would have done. And if I had to—even knowing what would become of Ivu’ivu and all its people—I would probably do so again” (352).

As Norton’s frequent visits to U’ivu allow him to witness the complete destruction of the islanders’ way of life, the author relates key moments within his adoption practices that represent the seeds of his own eventual destruction. Upon encountering the boy from the a’ina’ina ritual so many years ago, now grown and with a child of his own, Norton accedes to the man’s request that he adopt the boy. Naming the child Victor, he brings him back to the United States and raises him as part of his ever-growing adoptive family, and as Dr. Kubodera has already noted in previous sections of the novel, the young Victor will eventually grow to accuse Norton of the sexual assault that proves to be his ultimate downfall in the eyes of society and the law. Additionally, his determination to adopt young children from the area, while ostensibly a generous and noble gesture, instead reflects his extreme insecurities about his own self-image, for his irrational sense of Loneliness Within Community compels him to hand-pick the members of a home-grown community of boys whom he will raise to respect and obey him. Thus, even after the scientific plunder of the island is complete, Norton continues to engage in a different sort of plunder, adopting and re-socializing the children of the island into his own subculture of adoptive sons.

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