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72 pages 2 hours read

Charles Dickens

The Old Curiosity Shop

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1840

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Chapters 28-32Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 28 Summary

Nell and Mrs. Jarley go out the next morning, and Nell keeps a watchful eye out for Mr. Quilp. As they unpack the caravan, a Mr. Slum arrives. He sells Mrs. Jarley an acrostic poem to use as an advertisement for her show. He leaves to prepare a fair copy for printing. Once alone, Nell and Mrs. Jarley examine the wax figures. Nell learns all the necessary talking points for each figure, impressing Mrs. Jarley with her memory and skill. Mr. Slum returns with the poetry advertisement.

Chapter 29 Summary

Mrs. Jarley has Nell ride in an advertisement cart with George, wearing artificial flowers and distributing handbills for the show. The townspeople immediately love Nell, and young boys even leave small gifts for her at the waxwork doors. When the school audiences attend, Mrs. Jarley alters various figures’ dress so that a murderess becomes Hannah More, and Mary Queen of Scots becomes Lord Byron.

Nell continues to have nightmares of Quilp catching her. One night, Nell and her grandfather go for a walk and get caught in a hard rainstorm. They become lost and take shelter at the nearest inn, The Valiant Soldiers. The owner, James Groves, welcomes them in. The grandfather overhears a group of men playing cards, and he takes Nell’s wages so he can join the gambling.

Chapter 30 Summary

The game lasts for more than three hours. Isaac List, the only winner, cleans out every other man at the table, and the grandfather loses all of Nell’s money. Nell uses the gold coin she sewed into her dress to buy them lodging and food for the evening, and she hides the change in her belongings. Later that night, another nightmare of Quilp wakes Nell at the exact moment someone walks into her room. She pretends to be asleep as she hears the person going through her things. Nell follows the thief’s shadow downstairs to her grandfather’s room. She discovers that it was her grandfather who snuck in, and that he robbed her of the change from her gold coin. The sight of him hunched over the coins, counting them greedily, terrifies Nell.

Chapter 31 Summary

Nell returns to her room in a panic. In the morning, she mentions her stolen purse, but her grandfather acts ignorant of her even having any more money. Whether this ignorance is genuine or feigned, Nell cannot tell.

They return to the waxwork, and Mrs. Jarley asks Nell to distribute handbills at the girls’ school in town. The headmistress, Miss Monflathers, accuses Nell of being wicked for working at the waxworks. She is so cruel that Nell cries openly in the street. One young student, Miss Edwards, wipes Nell’s tears away only for the headmistress to scold her for her “attachment to the lower classes” (226). The narrator reveals that Miss Monflathers dislikes Miss Edwards because, though lowborn, she is an academically skilled and beautiful young woman; Monflathers also teaches a baronet’s daughter who is plain-faced and “dull in intellect” (227), and it frustrates her that Edwards outperforms her. Monflathers threatens Nell and Mrs. Jarley with arrest should they send more advertisements.

Chapter 32 Summary

Nell returns to Jarley, who laughs at Monflathers’ threats. That night, the grandfather sneaks out to gamble. He returns with no winnings and not a single coin left. Nell gives him her wages so that he does not resort to stealing from Jarley.

Nell's old sorrows quickly return. During the school holidays, Nell watches Edwards with her little sister. She follows them for some time and feels a kinship with them. Mrs. Jarley announces her plan to switch the show’s target audience to the general public, since “the schools are gone, and the regular sightseers exhausted” (231). The show’s popularity still falters, so Mrs. Jarley announces the show will soon close and move to another town.

Chapters 28-32 Analysis

Nell’s encounter with Miss Monflathers demonstrates the class politics of Victorian England. Monflathers is tasked with training and educating the next generation of young women, and her cruel pedagogy demeans the lower classes, helping to keep them down. In her view, the lower classes ought to be in the workhouses, factories, and other locations of industrial labor. Monflathers firmly believes that the harder a lowborn person works, the happier they ought to be, and that they have no business pursuing their education or working in “wicked” industries like Jarley’s waxworks. The work they ought to be doing is hard labor—the kind that keeps them from doing just about anything else with their day. The best example of Monflathers’ disapproval of the lower classes advancing in station is the case of Miss Edwards and the baronet’s daughter. Monflathers loathes that a lowborn girl is more beautiful and much smarter than her highborn students, and she takes every opportunity she can to publicly belittle Miss Edwards.

The most noteworthy figures in Jarley’s waxworks are its female figures. The sensational, scandalous female murderer whose name the reader does not learn reflects the Victorian fascination with what is now called true crime; the era witnessed some of the first widely publicized investigations and trials. There is also Mary Queen of Scots, a female monarch vilified by Protestant leaders like John Knox in life, and in death further painted as a villain for her adultery and suspected involvement in her second husband’s murder. When the schoolgirls arrive, Jarley redresses these two controversial figures as Hannah More and Lord Byron, respectively. Hannah More was a famous playwright who wrote moral and religious dramas and was herself a kind of activist for child literacy among the lower classes—something Miss Monflathers would have hated. Lord Byron was a Romantic poet who inspired the “Byronic hero” archetype that features in global literature to this day. The Byronic hero is a man who is talented, passionate, and rebellious. He often distrusts social institutions and scoffs at class-based privileges and ranks, even if he benefits from them himself. Lord Byron’s work and personality—particularly his probable bisexuality—was considered scandalous even in Dickens’s time of writing. In summary, Lord Byron is someone Miss Monflathers would wholeheartedly disapprove of. Despite these figures being significant persons in education, politics, and popular culture, they signify the very values Miss Monflathers teaches against.

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