54 pages • 1 hour read
Milan KunderaA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Jaroslav has a dream inspired by the folk traditions that he loves so much. In the dream, he finds himself in a strange land. He is approached by strange people who address him as “king.” When he asks to be taken to his queen, Vlasta, they blindfold him and place him on a horse.
Jaroslav wakes up and thinks about the Ride of the Kings, a folk festival that will take place in two days. His son, Vladimir, has been chosen to play the role of the king in the festivities as a way of honoring Jaroslav’s work in preserving folk traditions. However, Vladimir is reluctant to take part. Jaroslav then thinks about a strange encounter he had with his oldest friend, Ludvik. Earlier in the day, he spotted Ludvik in town for the first time in many years. Ludvik seemed to ignore him, which bothered him. He thinks about how people from cities like Prague have turned folk musicians into “a laughingstock” in recent years. He hopes that Vladimir will understand how important these traditions are to him.
Jaroslav remembers playing his harmonium for Vladimir. He wants his son to understand the importance of folk music as a form of cultural identity. With his band, he has been writing new folk music for the communist era. He remembers when he was king in the Ride of the Kings as a child and how the festivities honored his own father.
Jaroslav provides a history of Czechoslovakian folk music using musical theory, tracing the intricacies of folk music through the various periods of Czechoslovakia’s “long, slow history” (132). He compares Czech independent folk music to American jazz in terms of cultural importance.
At supper, Jaroslav is still thinking about Ludvik. He cannot imagine why his oldest friend would ignore him after so many years away. They grew close as children because they were both “half-orphans.” When Ludvik’s father died in a German concentration camp, his aunt took an interest in his education. Madame Koutecky was a rude and snobbish woman who looked down on Ludvik’s mother. Though Ludvik accepted her help, he grew up to resent her. When she made him play a foolish role in her daughter’s wedding, he quickly left the festivities and sought out Jaroslav and his bandmates. He announced his newfound belief in communism in opposition to everything his aunt represented. Ludvik and Jaroslav then attended different universities.
In 1948, the communist revolution turned the world “upside down.” Ludvik returned from university that summer, but he seemed changed. He debated politics with Jaroslav, who discerned a desire for a traditional society in Ludvik’s words far more than a desire for a futuristic communist utopia. Ludvik preached the importance of folk music in the new communist society, an attitude that was reflected in the revolutionary government’s desire to fund traditional folk activities.
While Jaroslav was studying, his father had a stroke, and he ended his studies without graduating to return to his hometown and be near his father. He taught music and played in a folk band. He met Vlasta and eventually fell in love. When Ludvik returned unexpectedly to the town just as the wedding was about to take place, Jaroslav asked him to be his witness. Vlasta didn’t like Ludvik, and her dislike was validated when Ludvik spent most of the day sulking. The next day, he visited to apologize. He explained that he had been kicked out of the Party and his university. He had always wanted to travel abroad, and his punishment made this impossible, which made Jaroslav feel guilty because he was about to embark on an international tour with his band. Ludvik left, and no one from the town saw him again for many years. Later, Jaroslav discovered that Ludvik’s mother died. At the funeral organized by Madame Koutecky, Jaroslav was surprised that Ludvik was not present. He views the religious funeral as Madame Koutecky’s revenge against Ludvik.
Back in the present day, Jaroslav continues to think about his strange encounter with Ludvik and reflect on their long friendship. The last time Jaroslav spoke to Ludvik, he invited him to a rehearsal for his folk music band. Jaroslav’s band played traditional songs updated with new material that elevated communist ideals. Later, Jaroslav pressed Ludvik for his honest opinion of the music. Eventually, Ludvik admitted that he felt that the new songs were inauthentic. He labeled them “unnatural and false” (155). Jaroslav was taken aback. Ludvik tried to apologize and asked Jaroslav to forget what he said. His words suggested, Jaroslav now realizes, that he was worried that Jaroslav would report him to the Party.
Jaroslav’s family sleeps as he finally gives up ruminating and prepares for bed. He is still perturbed that Ludvik did not acknowledge him in the street earlier that day. He hopes again that Vladimir will participate in the Ride of the Kings, as this is Jaroslav’s legacy to his son.
After a revitalizing sleep, Ludvik wakes up and thinks about his interaction with Lucie. She will always be bound to that important moment in his past, but now she feels “definitively lost.” He thinks about his imminent meeting with Helena as he searches for a place to eat breakfast. Unable to find a suitable restaurant, he settles for a small meal and then walks through the town. He does not visit his “childhood haunts”; instead, he is intrigued by a strange official ceremony in a small room. After watching men, women, and children enact an odd performance, Ludvik is approached by an old school friend named Kovalik. At first, Ludvik does not recognize him. As they talk, Kovalik reveals that the ceremony is a new attempt to make a secular equivalent of christening. The Party is “weaning people away from religious ceremonies” (172), Kovalik says. Ludvik leaves and waits for Helena. He sees her leaving the station, and he is pleasantly surprised that she is more attractive than he remembers. He follows her into the shabby hotel where he booked a room, where she asks for him by name. She introduces herself to the clerk as Helena Zemanek.
Ludvik’s meeting with Helena is part of a “precise and deliberate plan” (175). He remembers how he met her: While he was working as a scientist, a radio journalist was sent to interview him. Ludvik hated journalists, especially radio journalists, so he planned to treat her with contempt. When he learned that her second name was Zemanek, however, he was intrigued. He flirted with her and discovered that she was married to Pavel Zemanek, the man who oversaw his original conviction. On his insistence, she agreed to meet with him a second time. This meeting in the hotel is their arranged date; Ludvik plans to have sex with her as revenge against Zemanek, whom he hates. He meets her in the hotel and takes her to lunch in a typical Moravian restaurant. He confesses that he is attracted to her and notes that she is flirting with him. When the meal is over, he takes her back to Kostka’s apartment.
Inside the apartment, the “game of flirtation” continues (184). As they drink vodka, Ludvik lies and says that he fell in love with Helena the moment he saw her. He asks her questions about her husband, insisting that he wants to know and understand her in intimate detail. She relents and speaks about Zemanek, much to Ludvik’s bitter delight. She shows him a pendant with a depiction of the Kremlin, given to her as a token of love by Zemanek. Ludvik does not believe the fanciful story that Zemanek attached to the pendant. He remembers his trial, at which he insisted that he was “still devoted to the Party” (191). Rather than play the role expected of him, Ludvik had refused to apologize. He insisted that his joke was very much a joke. Thinking of Zemanek, Ludvik turns his attention to Helena and begins to touch her.
Ludvik tells Helena to undress. She is hesitant at first and then does as instructed. As they have sex, Ludvik thinks about Pavel, referring to him as the “absent third.” After they have sex, Helena turns to Ludvik and announces that she is in love with him. Ludvik tries to dismiss her statement, but she assures him that she is sincere. To make him feel better, she says that she and Zemanek have been estranged for years. Ludvik is horrified. He intended to avenge himself by seducing Zemanek’s wife, only to discover that he is doing Zemanek a favor by giving him a pretext to split from her. Ludvik wishes that she would leave. She dresses herself and prepares to depart, but not before Ludvik promises her that they will meet soon and often.
With Helena gone, Ludvik sits down to reflect on his terrible misfortune. He waits for Kostka to return and thinks about Lucie.
Jaroslav has dedicated his life to the folk traditions of Czechoslovakia. Appropriately, the section of the novel dedicated to his perspective is introduced in a dream sequence, a narrative stretch in which he is caught between an imagined past and his present dilemmas, signaling his preoccupation with The Artificial Past. The chapters begin with Jaroslav in a field, approached by a series of outcasts and turncoats who declare him king and lead him in a search for his wife. The dream is surreal, a logic-defying imitation of the Ride of the Kings that takes place inside Jaroslav’s head. With the actual ceremony approaching, he is dreaming about kings and horses because he is concerned about his relationship with the past. Later, Ludvik criticizes Jaroslav’s folk songs for being inauthentic. They are not in the folk tradition, he says, because they are disconnected from the actual working-class performance of the songs that built up over many centuries. Instead, these new folk songs are Jaroslav’s interpretation of the past, infused with contemporary concerns. The dream sequence follows the same pattern, a smattering of medieval imagery infused with Jaroslav’s concerns about his relationships with his wife and intellectual interests. Ludvik’s criticisms still linger in his subconscious, so when he dreams of the Ride of the Kings, he cannot help but turn the narrative into his own desire to reconnect with his wife. The dream sequence lays bare an important aspect of Jaroslav’s character, showing that he fears that he has dedicated his life to the preservation of fundamentally inauthentic folk traditions.
His relationship with the folk traditions of Czechoslovakia plays out on a miniature scale in his relationship with his son. The folk traditions of the country, from the Ride of the Kings to the songs played by Jaroslav’s band, have been passed down from one generation to the next. As he explains, the songs are infused with centuries of tradition that can be traced from the musical theory he shares with the reader. The folk traditions are examples of cross-generational exchange, one generation passing down a legacy to the next. While Jaroslav has worked for most of his life to preserve the traditions that were handed down to him, he struggles to hand these traditions down to his son. Vladimir takes on a representative role; he is not just Jaroslav’s son but an extension of his entire professional project. If Jaroslav cannot convince his son to take part in the Ride of the Kings, then he will feel as though he has failed in his life’s work. He already doubts the authenticity of his work, subconsciously sensing that what he reveres in an artificial past, so his disinterest threatens to validate Ludvik’s criticisms.
Ludvik seduces Helena, taking delight in eliciting details about her husband, Zemanek. He blames Zemanek for the state of his current alienated existence, as he is one of the only figures who emerges from his past in any real definition. Ludvik needs to blame Zemanek, as the only other option is to blame himself for telling a controversial joke and refusing to recant. When Ludvik does have sex with Helena, however, he miscalculates his revenge because Helena and Zemanek are more than happy to end their marriage. In effect, Ludvik helps his old enemy, an irony that highlights the absurdity of his situation. As he dwells on his own suffering, his situation is worsened by Helena’s insistence that she has fallen in love with him. Ludvik is forced to confront the emotional impact he has had on her life. Previously, she was cannon fodder in his quest for revenge, paralleling Lucie’s role as an outlet for his desire rather than a person with her own wants. Now, Helena is emotionally invested in his future, and she has denied him the satisfaction that he sought for many years. Ludvik, the bitter and alienated individual whose contemporary narrative is driven purely by spite, finds himself spited by fate and forced to face the consequences of his actions.
By Milan Kundera