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53 pages 1 hour read

Nicole Krauss

The History of Love

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2005

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Chapters 7-9Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 7 Summary: “Until the Writing Hand Hurts”

Leo reads The History of Love in shock. He cannot imagine how the text appeared after so many years, and he is amazed that the book is now in English and that the characters have Spanish names. Like Alma Singer trying to unravel the mystery of Jacob Marcus across town in Brooklyn, Leo makes a list of questions for whoever sent the manuscript. Suddenly a thought strikes Leo: What if he has become a famous writer and doesn’t even know it?

He races to the library and asks for all the books written by Leo Gursky. The librarian has one: a children’s book called The Incredible, Fantastic Adventures of Frankie, Toothless Girl Wonder. The book has nothing to do with Leo, and he is deflated. He begins to contemplate the obsession with death that he developed after his heart attack, always imagining how he might die but never able to see the actual moment of his death. He remembers his first encounter with death as a child; when he was nine years old, his uncle passed away suddenly, and Leo developed a fear of death that “haunted [him] for a year” (125). However, when he was 10, he met his childhood sweetheart and fell in love. Thoughts of her left no time for worry about death. He thinks about her now, revealing her name—Alma—for the first time.

Leo contemplates that he didn’t overcome his fear of death but instead built a wall between himself and his fear. His heart attack caused the wall to crumble, and his fear of death returned. Leaving the library, he feels completely alone, like “a nothing, a gatherer of dust” (129). He remembers a Thanksgiving when he unlocked a door for a woman who was also spending the holiday alone. They shared a meal and made love, but months later, she called him to make a copy of her key for her new partner. Leo made two, one for the new man and one for himself.

Leo realized one day that his job as a locksmith meant that he could let himself into any building in New York City. For years, he worried about being deported for the slightest misdeed, but he gradually became bolder, carving his initials into the locks he opened as a record. One day, Leo let himself into Carnegie Hall. In the empty theatre, he had a vision of Alma on the stage, playing her violin.

Back in his apartment, Leo finds Bruno there. Bruno has been reading Leo’s book, and he tells Leo that he was also in love with Alma and has been writing a book about her. There is something strange about their conversation, and it takes Leo a minute to realize it is because Bruno is speaking Yiddish instead of the English they always speak together.

Chapter 8 Summary: “Flood”

Alma’s uncle Julian comes from London to stay with the Singers, and Alma continues her search for Alma Mereminski, keeping Misha updated on her progress. Misha isn’t convinced that Alma Mereminski is real, and he doesn’t know why Alma Singer is so sure she came to New York, but Alma isn’t dissuaded. The two teenagers begin developing feelings for one another, and spending time together becomes awkward. For Misha’s birthday, Alma decides to make him a card with a butterfly on it, but during her research, she learns that butterflies are going extinct at an alarming rate and that Earth is currently in the midst of the planet’s sixth mass extinction.

One night, while his parents are fighting in the other room, Misha kisses Alma. It doesn’t go well; they bump noses, put their tongues in the wrong place, and open their mouths at the wrong time as if they “were both trying to say something” (142). Afterward, Alma tells him she likes someone else, even though it’s not true. She goes home, and Misha doesn’t call.

Alma starts working on the next letter to Jacob Marcus but can’t get it right. Instead, she finds a partial letter from her uncle to his wife, suggesting that Uncle Julian isn’t in love with her anymore. Hoping for more clues, Alma begins reading The Street of Crocodiles, a book Jacob Marcus mentioned in one of his letters. It starts to rain, and Bird comes in and announces, “It’s starting” (145).

Alma heads out to the New York City Municipal Archives to see if there is a record of Alma Mereminski’s birth or death. There is no sign of her, but the clerk tells Alma that later records are kept in the New York City Department of Health, Division of Vital Records. Dispirited, Alma leaves. Her mother is reading when she gets home, and Alma wonders why she married her father.

The rain continues, and Alma walks by the vacant lot where Bird has been selling lemonade and building a garbage heap. However, there is no sign of her brother, and Alma decides to call Misha from a payphone. He tells her he is going to see a movie with another girl, and Alma is crushed. She continues to the Division of Vital Records, but there is still no record of Alma Mereminski.

Lying in bed that night, Alma has a realization: Alma Mereminski must have gotten married and changed her name, and that’s why there’s no record of her. When she reaches under her bed, searching for her notebook and backpack, she finds a diary that Bird has hidden. She disregards the “private” label and reads it. Bird documents how many days he has succeeded at “being normal” even though he is still convinced he is a lamed vovnik. He is saving his lemonade money for something unspecified, and at God’s request, he is building “a special thing” that “will help people” (151). The entry closes with the announcement that a flood is coming. Alma notes that it is still raining.

Chapter 9 Summary: “Here We Are Together”

Zvi Litvinoff says goodbye to his friend on his last day in Poland and then looks at the package he has given him. A note on the front says, “To be held for Leopold Gursky until you see him again” (153). Afterward, the narrator says Litvinoff didn’t think much about Leo or the package. He was preoccupied with his journey, first to Spain, then to Portugal, then to Chile, and later with trying to start a new life in South America. One day, he finds himself outside of a newspaper office, and he begins to miss his old life and work as a journalist.

At night, Litvinoff listens to the radio alone and is horrified by news of the war. There are other refugees in Valparaíso, but Litvinoff prefers to be alone in his sadness. To avoid an invitation to tea one day, Litvinoff tells his landlady needs to stay in and write. This starts a rumor starts that Litvinoff is a poet, and he doesn’t protest. He begins teaching at a Jewish school and settles into his life. He’s lost his entire family in the war but goes on with his life, even though living with this truth is “like living with an elephant” (156). In this state, Litvinoff meets Rosa, and it seems miraculous that she is interested in him. The night after their first kiss, Litvinoff goes home filled with happiness.

However, back in the quiet of his apartment, he worries that she will discover how broken he is, that he is “a shell of a man” (158). He starts reciting “The Death of Leopold Gursky,” which he took from Leo’s desk and still carries in his pocket. By now, Litvinoff has memorized the words and said them so many times “that sometimes he actually forgot that the words weren’t his” (158). Finally, he pulls out Leo’s package, which he has never opened. He takes out the manuscript and tries to get rid of the envelope with Leo’s message to hold the package for him. He buries it in the trash, but it always reappears. Finally, Litvinoff sets fire to the paper and destroys it once and for all.

Chapters 7-9 Analysis

In these three chapters, both Leo and Alma are trying to unlock a mystery. Leo wants to learn who sent The History of Love and what caused it to appear in English with Spanish names. Alma, meanwhile, continues searching for Jacob Marcus and Alma Mereminski. As Leo tries to solve his mystery, his former profession as a locksmith becomes significant. Leo describes himself as someone who “tried to make sense of things” (121), and opening locks gave him a way to do this. It is a logical, straightforward profession that gives Leo a sense of control over his life. Following the war, Leo has lost everything and everyone, and his role as a locksmith helps him to construct a new identity and make New York City his home. He notes the difference between New York and Poland, saying, “picking a lock where I came from I was a thief, but here in America I was a professional” (130). At first, this frightens Leo, and he fears making a mistake and standing out. However, as time passes, he starts to feel more confident, even adding “a little flourish to [his] work” (130). Eventually, Leo carves a tiny signature on all the locks he opens, making his mark on the city and leaving evidence of his existence.

As his fear diminishes, Leo realizes he can enter any building or apartment he wants. Just this knowledge makes Leo feel less alone, and although he only exercises his power once, he says, “In my loneliness it comforts me to think that the world’s doors, however closed, are never truly locked to me” (132). However, the arrival of The History of Love is a reminder of all the things Leo could never unlock. He used his profession as a locksmith to bury traumatic memories, but he “couldn’t unlock anything [he] wanted to unlock” (122). The History of Love brings these memories back, including the name of his beloved, which he hasn’t spoken in years.

Like Leo, Alma also focuses on her search to avoid the messy reality of her own life. Throughout “Flood,” Alma’s relationship with Misha begins to feel more romantic, and this makes her uncomfortable. She has feelings for him but constantly finds herself unable to speak when he suggests they might be more than friends. After their kiss, Alma tells him she doesn’t like him but immediately regrets it. The theme of Love, Communication, and Silence emerges here, as Alma doesn’t understand how to communicate her true feelings and lies instead. The two stop speaking, meaning Alma has lost her only friend as a result.

Meanwhile, Bird is becoming more strange. His “clubhouse” in the abandoned lot is growing, and his journal reveals just how religious he’s become. Alma’s mother is also becoming more distant, reading constantly and barely speaking to her children. Alma worries desperately about all these things, and her mood deteriorates throughout the chapter. However, instead of trying to express herself to her loved ones or help them in any way, Alma continues to focus on her search for Alma Mereminski.

Whereas Leo and Alma are trying to reveal secrets, Litvinoff is trying to keep his: the truth about his plagiarism. However, like Leo and Alma, Litvinoff uses The History of Love to reform his reality. This attempt to reshape reality is a key element in the theme of Survival and the Legacy of the Holocaust. All the novel’s characters have experienced severe trauma, and they employ various mechanisms to alter their sense of truth and reality so they can live with it. Litvinoff lost everything in the war: his family, a job he loved, and his friends. Leo’s manuscript is the only thing Litvinoff has left, and he uses it to rebuild his life and fill his emptiness. For years, Litvinoff lives immersed in his sadness; the truth of his loss is always there, like an elephant, but he ignores it. When he meets Rosa, he realizes he can use the text to create a new life in which he is a writer. Like Leo’s work as a locksmith and Alma’s search for Alma Mereminski, transcribing The History of Love is a survival mechanism to avoid the pain of accepting the truth.

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