52 pages • 1 hour read
J. G. BallardA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of death.
For two days, Kerans is placed on a throne. Leather cuffs are placed around his wrists, and a tin crown is put on his head. He must watch as the freebooters dance and chant in front of him. They act as though he is Neptune and direct at him “their fear and hatred of the sea” (158). Occasionally, they offer him water. At other times, he slips into unconsciousness as the men disappear to loot the nearby buildings. When Strangman comes to him the next day, he is surprised to still find Kerans alive. In the following days, Strangman visits occasionally, as though he is trying “to break Kerans’ power” (160). At one point, the freebooters lift up the throne and carry Kerans to a cart. They push the cart through the streets until they lose control and Kerans topples into a muddy bank. Strangman approaches and, with his foot up on the throne, stands triumphantly as if to announce his power over Kerans. Placing his pistol back in its holster, he leads him men away down the street.
Kerans is left in the upside-down throne. Unable to break free, he is in considerable pain. When he is finally able to free himself, he hides as Strangman and Big Caesar return. Kerans sneaks from the building into an alley and then enters an office building that—he hopes—will lead to the rooftops. No one follows Kerans, which leads him to believe that the freebooters believe him to have already traveled south. Kerans must eat a lizard to satisfy his hunger as he waits for night to fall.
When it is dark, Kerans takes a raft across the lagoon. He keeps an eye out for any freebooters as he makes for the Ritz. His old quarters have been ransacked, but the looters failed to find his hidden safe. Inside, he finds his gun and ammunition. Nearby, he finds the stolen compass. The wrecked suite makes him grateful, in a way, as he now has no reason to linger in the lagoon. He can go south, just as Bodkin advised. Kerans believes that neither his past nor his present “offer a viable existence” (168). His future, meanwhile, seems set in stone.
Kerans sneaks aboard Strangman’s ship. He moves through the darkness, in which even the Admiral cannot recognize him, “apparently assuming that Kerans [is] part of the composition” (170). Kerans heads to Strangman’s main quarters. There, he finds Beatrice, surrounded by “a mass of jeweled trash” (171). She seems heavily sedated, but the sight of Kerans revives her. Though she seems relieved, she urges Kerans to flee. Strangman is capable of anything, Kerans says, describing how he nearly died. Kerans has built a small raft, he tells her, and he believes that they can escape to the south. The curtain moves aside; a whirling blade rushes at Kerans, and then Big Caesar emerges. He tries to stab Kerans with a knife, but Kerans shoots him dead. Taking hold of Beatrice, he leads her out of the room. The Admiral orders the men to shoot the fleeing couple. Kerans and Beatrice try to escape, but they are surrounded. Strangman appears, accusing Kerans of being a “bit of a nuisance” (174). If he does not throw away the gun, Strangman says, then Beatrice will be killed. Instead, Kerans gives the gun to Beatrice and then runs as quickly as he can to a spot behind the ship. Kerans slips and feels someone grab him, only to realize that Colonel Riggs has returned. The confused freebooters and Strangman back away from Riggs’s men. Kerans looks round to see Sergeant Macready at his side.
Riggs and his men pacify the situation. By the following morning, Strangman and the freebooters have been disarmed and placed under Macready’s watch. Riggs had suspected that Strangman was present, he tells Kerans, so he ordered his men to turn around, as he was concerned for Kerans, Beatrice, and Bodkin. When he asks about Bodkin, Kerans realizes that he has “callously” forgotten about the deceased scientist (178). He has not forgotten, however, about the desire to go south, a desire seemingly shared by Hardman and Bodkin.
Riggs explains to Kerans that he cannot arrest Strangman because the freebooters can claim that they were protecting themselves against Bodkin and his bomb. Nevertheless, Riggs is well aware that Strangman is a “nasty piece of work” (179). Even so, he may still receive a reward for managing to drain the lagoon. Had Strangman killed Kerans, he might have claimed that Kerans was working with Bodkin. Kerans is confused as to why Riggs is being so tolerant toward the pirates. The gulf between himself and Riggs, he feels, is widening. Kerans explains that Strangman is like “a white devil out of a voodoo cult” (180), which is why he is so shocked that Riggs plans to turn him free. Riggs is astonished by Kerans’s presumption that the lagoon will be flooded again. He has no such plans, he explains, as reclaiming cities like London is “a Class A1 priority” (180). Having shown the capacity to drain lagoons, Riggs explains, Strangman may even be elevated to the position of governor-general. Kerans is horrified. The lagoon must be flooded again, he claims, regardless of the law. The revealed streets are nightmarish, Kerans says; they belong to a world that is “dead and finished” (180). Strangman has done little more than try to resurrect a corpse. Riggs says that he will leave the following day. Strangman will stay behind. When Riggs remarks on Kerans’s luck that he returned just in time, Kerans responds that Riggs returned “too late” (181).
Strangman throws another party. As it is underway, Kerans listens to the distant sounds from an office two stories above the freebooters. Riggs and his men have joined Strangman’s party, with Strangman having agreed to stay in the lagoon at least until Riggs’s departure. Kerans appears at the party briefly, though he remains apart from Strangman. He cannot hide his revulsion for the pirate, who seems to him like “a decaying vampire glutted with evil and horror” (183). Kerans stares out beyond the lagoon. He feels drawn to the south, to the heat and the submerged lagoons that are located near the equator. Going down to a balcony, he observes the gigantic bank of silt that has piled up beside the terrace railings. He leaps over the railings and breaks into a sprint, running until he reaches a loose flagstone. Kerans has spent the day searching for this; he correctly believed that Bodkin had left behind a hidden stash. Beneath the flagstone, Kerans finds the six sticks of dynamite.
Kerans lights the fuse of the dynamite as he hears the helicopter’s engines starting up. He places the explosives, at which point he is spotted by Macready. The sergeant shouts at him to back away and then shoots Kerans in the leg. Kerans urges Macready to leave, as the dynamite will soon explode. His words are drowned out by the sound of the helicopter. Limping on his injured leg, Kerans counts down the remaining time as he jumps over the terrace. The dynamite explodes. The water begins to flood back into the drained lagoon, filling the empty streets and collapsing the buildings. Riggs shouts for Kerans, who pulls his gun out and fires at Riggs. As Riggs ducks behind cover, Beatrice sees Kerans and runs toward him, urging him to flee before Riggs arrives. As he watches the water with satisfaction, Kerans asks Beatrice to apologize to Riggs on his behalf. He plans to travel to the south “towards the sun” (187), and he knows that she cannot go with him. Nevertheless, he promises to keep her in his heart. Kerans hugs Beatrice and then runs for the silt bank, leaping out of the way of Riggs’s gunfire. He pulls his catamaran free and into the water, sailing away as he looks back at the lagoon a final time. Beatrice waves to him until he can no longer see her. All he can see are the giant letters, painted by the freebooters on the side of a building. The words read “Time Zone” (188).
The catamaran drifts south as Kerans tends to his wounded leg. He swallows a morphine pill that puts him to sleep. When he wakes up the next day, a helicopter is above him. The people on the helicopter are shooting at the island below them. Kerans guides the catamaran beneath a tree and watches. Every 30 minutes, the helicopter reappears. Kerans can see that Riggs is aboard, studying everything below. Eventually, the helicopter leaves and does not return. Kerans paddles south, “pursued by strange visions” (189).
The following day, the temperature falls as storm clouds gather above. Kerans sails south until he reaches shore. Feeling exhausted, Kerans slips into sleep. When he wakes, he disassembles the boat and goes ashore with his limited supplies. In the south, any evidence of human presence is increasingly swallowed by sea, silt, sand dunes, and jungle. For three days, Kerans travels through the “phantasmagoric forest” (192). He barely stops to sleep, even though his leg aches. He finds the ruins of a temple and tries to shelter inside from the storm. That night, he hears a faint, inhuman cry that could be an injured animal. Behind the altar, Kerans finds a man. He is emaciated and burned to the point that Kerans assumes he must be dead. Above them, the pulsing sunlight filters through the cracks in the temple roof. The man is shouting at the sunlight, Kerans realizes. The man’s eyes are “almost completely occluded by corneal cancers” (194), so he can likely see nothing but the light of the sun. The man senses Keran nearby and asks for help. He wants Kerans to help him follow the sun, opening up his hand to reveal a compass just like those back on Riggs’s base. Kerans suddenly understands: The man is Lieutenant Hardman, though the conditions have made him almost unrecognizable. Kerans identifies himself to Hardman and urges him to rest. Not acknowledging Kerans’s identity, Hardman begins to rest. Kerans constructs a ramshackle shelter around Hardman to keep him safe from the rain.
Over the next three days, Kerans stays with Hardman. He sprays penicillin into Hardman’s eyes and feeds him berries. Hardman cannot remember Kerans; he refers to him simply as “Soldier” (196). After three days, Hardman has recovered. Kerans is not surprised when Hardman vanishes in the night, though he wonders whether he will see him again as they both travel south. For two more days, Kerans stays in the temple just in case Hardman might return. When Hardman does not return, Kerans prepares to resume his journey. He has no medical supplies left; he has only two bullets for his gun and a bag of berries for sustenance. Kerans uses his watch as a compass and makes a notch in his belt as each day passes.
The increase in temperature tells Kerans that he has journeyed more than 150 miles to the south. Hardman will die soon, he believes, and Kerans himself might not be able to survive in the jungles that await him. He reflects on the events that brought him to this place and that set him “upon his Neuronic odyssey” (198). Kerans thinks of Beatrice and Strangman as well. Before he leaves the temple, Kerans carves a message into the wall. He has been traveling for 27 days, he writes, and he will continue south. After a few days of this journey, he becomes lost in the jungle. As he searches for the lagoons, bats and alligators attack him. He has become “a second Adam searching for the forgotten paradises of the reborn sun” (198).
The conflict between Kerans and Strangman erupts into a display of violence. The threat hinted at throughout the novel becomes explicit, as Strangman does more than just hurt Kerans. By tying him to a throne and placing a tin crown on his head, he mocks Kerans. The ceremony of this brutal torture is important to Strangman, as it allows him to mock Civilization as a Social Construct, which (he believes) Kerans represents. By torturing Kerans in this fashion and rejecting any moral limitation, Strangman attempts to demonstrate the strength of his chaotic, violent worldview over everyone else: The ceremony is the point.
Kerans manages to escape because Strangman’s brutal rituals become too chaotic. He is freed as a consequence of Strangman’s worst impulses, and when Kerans returns to his room in the Ritz, he receives another symbolic condemnation of Strangman. The freebooters have ransacked his room and broken into the “decoy safe” (167), but they have failed to find the actual safe that contains his pistol. The pirates’ failure to find the real treasure hints at just how much they may have left behind in the sunken cities. While Strangman’s boat is loaded with treasure, the men’s failure to properly locate items of value in one hotel room suggests that they are not thorough or clever about their approach. They, like Strangman’s world view, are simply explosions of violent chaos with no structure or system.
Riggs returns and saves Beatrice and Kerans, only to provide a tacit institutional endorsement of what Strangman accomplished by draining the city. The United Nations believes such reclamations to be “a Class Al priority” (180), he tells Kerans. Riggs’s endorsement demonstrates that even though these characters are foils for one another and embody superficially antithetical worldviews, they are ultimately more alike than different: Both represent power. They are part of the same system, an inevitable synthesis between institutional power and lawless violence that Kerans cannot endorse. As a result, he rejects both men, and he rejects the idea of reclamation. He blows up the dam and floods the city, symbolically rejecting the synthesis that they represent.
After rejecting Riggs, Strangman, and society in the north, Kerans travels south. He embraces the lonely, sweltering journey across “the immense loneliness of this dead terminal beach” (191). By this time, Kerans struggles even to stay awake, and his life becomes blurred with his dreams to such an extent that he cannot escape what he believes to be his destiny: He must travel south. There, he finds Hardman, and he is given a glimpse into his future of suffering. Again, Kerans affirms his desire to continue. He knows that he may end up like Hardman, but he knows that he cannot do anything else. The decision to embark on this journey is his, and any other choice would be a betrayal of himself. He reaffirms this commitment to his decision by scrawling his message on the wall. He embraces his fate on his terms, Asserting Agency in the Face of Human Extinction. Like his scientific reports, he cannot be sure that anyone will read or care about these words. However, the message has meaning in its own right as a symbolic demonstration of his agency over his fate. He is heading into his inevitable doom, but he is choosing to do so.
By J. G. Ballard
Art
View Collection
Beauty
View Collection
British Literature
View Collection
Class
View Collection
Class
View Collection
Climate Change Reads
View Collection
Earth Day
View Collection
Mortality & Death
View Collection
Order & Chaos
View Collection
Popular Study Guides
View Collection
The Future
View Collection
The Past
View Collection