54 pages • 1 hour read
Louise ErdrichA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This guide contains discussions of the source text’s depictions of sexual assault, domestic violence, suicide, and substance abuse disorders.
Bezhig begins with an epigraph that describes a set of twins, already very old, beginning to craft a piece of beadwork that will become the world.
Scranton Roy, a soldier in the United States Army, sees a dog run out of the village with a cradle board strapped to its back. In the cradle board is an infant, and attached to it is a string of blue beads. Horrified by the battle in which he is fighting and ashamed of having just killed an innocent old woman, Scranton takes off after the dog, following it deep into the woods. When Scranton kills a rabbit, the dog approaches him for handouts, and he is able to remove the child from the dog’s back. The child, a baby girl, is too young to eat rabbit, and at first, Scranton gives her only water. Her crying intensifies, and he puts her to his own nipple to quiet her down. He is successful and keeps her there for days. Eventually, to his surprise, Scranton begins to produce milk. He names the baby Matilda.
Peace McKnight is Matilda Roy’s teacher. She goes to stay with Scranton and Matilda when it becomes too cold for her to continue living in the schoolhouse. She and Matilda, separated in age by only 14 years (Matilda is now 6) become fast friends, akin to sisters.
Meanwhile, Blue Prairie Woman mourns the child, referring to Matilda, she lost in the raid on her village for more than a year. She had tied the girl’s cradle board to a dog, and the dog ran away. Eventually, she becomes pregnant again and hopes that her new offspring will remain safe with her in the village. She gives birth to twins, Mary and Josephette, but leaves them to go in search of her missing daughter. She travels for miles and miles, finally hearing of the white man raising a young Ojibwe girl. She finds Scranton’s cabin. Matilda wakes in the night, understands that her mother is near, and leaves with her. After Matilda leaves, Scranton and Peace marry, and she gives birth to a boy whom they name Augustus. The labor is long and intense, and Peace does not survive it.
Then, Blue Prairie Woman contracts and dies of a fever. During her final moments, a herd of mysterious antelope appears. Matilda sees them but does not fully understand their meaning. She leaves with them.
Augustus Roy is now 23 years old. He still lives with his father Scranton, and the two enjoy reading classic works of literature and philosophy together. Scranton has never been able to overcome his guilt over the role that he played in the skirmish that had resulted in his, albeit temporarily, adopting Matilda. He still sees the face of the old woman he killed in his dreams. One day, he decides to head back to the village and to give its inhabitants his entire life savings as a kind of restitution. When they arrive, no one lives in the village anymore, and Scranton asks Augustus to kill him. Augustus gently declines and suggests that they instead head in the direction likely taken by the villagers.
They encounter an Indigenous couple who know of the woman that Scranton killed. Their names are Shawnoo and Victoria Muskrat, and they adopted Blue Prairie Woman’s twin girls Mary and Josephette (who now goes by Zosie). They are watchful and seem to be constantly in motion. Augustus is shy around them. After he and Scranton have been staying with the couple for a few days, Augustus explains his father’s desire for forgiveness and gives them the money. Shortly after that, Augustus finds his father dead in his blanket, holding his knife in his hand.
Augustus remains with the Ojibwe family. He builds himself a small cabin next to Shawnoo and Victoria Muskrat, and although he marries Mary, he is sure that sometimes Zosie takes her place in his bed. The Dawes Act is passed, and land is parceled out to individual tribal members rather than to the tribe as a whole. Because of this, Indigenous lands shrink further as individuals are persuaded (and coerced) to sell their property. Augustus worries initially that Shawnoo and Victoria Muskrat will sell their land, but they do not, and he continues to live with the family. He remains unable to tell Mary from Zosie, and so he is, de facto, married to them both. Repeated attempts to tell one from the other fail, and even when his daughter is born, he is unsure which twin is her mother.
Augustus now understands that Mary and Zosie are the descendants of the woman Scranton killed, and also the daughters of Blue Prairie Woman, Matilda’s mother. His daughter, whom he names Peace, solves the riddle of her mother’s identity, and after Augustus hears Peace call Zosie mama, the two women suddenly seem strikingly different. He is unsure how he ever struggled to tell them apart. He does realize that he loves both women and that he loves their lives together, so he continues to pretend that he cannot tell one from the other. Mary bears him a son whom they name Charles, and Zosie a boy called Booch. One last son, named Shawnoo, is born. The family is happy.
The local Indian Agent, with orders to round up Indigenous children and forcibly enroll them in boarding school, attempts to take Augustus’s daughter and sons. The children manage to escape the man’s clutches, and Augustus takes them back home, vowing to educate them himself. He’d heard horror stories of the abuses that were common at such schools from Shawnoo and Victoria Muskrat, and he did not want to subject his children to such cruelty.
Determined to educate his children at home, Augustus begins a series of lessons for the children. Their mothers teach them traditional Ojibwe knowledge, and the children have a happy childhood. The boys are interested in their people’s warrior history, and Peace is joyful and hardworking. At the age of 12, she gets a job cleaning floors in the local bank. The boys, passionate about war and warriors, enlist in the US Army. Augustus, Mary, and Zosie are distraught, but there is nothing they can do. Augustus takes them to the station, and they set out for the battlefield.
It is 1918, and the war has ended. Augustus dies and is mourned by his wives and daughter. All three boys return from the war. Shawnoo was the only brother to see battle, and he comes home scarred. He is now known by the name Ogichidaa, meaning “warrior.” Ogichidaa talks with their neighbor, Asin, the man who had first introduced him to stories of Ojibwe warriors from the past. Asin recommends that he enslave a German person. Ogichidaa kidnaps a German man but is then unsure what to do with him. He and his brothers discuss killing the man, but the man offers to bake them a cake in exchange for sparing his life, and they decide to humor him. The German, whose name is Klaus, sets about baking his cake. When it is finished, everyone is astounded by its delicious flavor. Years later, Ogichidaa would father a son and name him Klaus, in honor of the German baker.
In the early chapters of Antelope Woman, the author introduces Blue Prairie Woman, Scranton Roy, Matilda, Zosie and Mary, and Augustus and his children. Each of these characters plays a key role within the narrative, and each provides their own perspective, adding depth and complexity to the story. This kind of polyvocal structure is typical of Erdrich’s work, and its purpose is multifold. She employs so many different voices in part to add detail to the novel. The broader story that Erdrich tells in Antelope Woman is both a multi-generational family saga and also the history of the Ojibwe in the United States. Providing multiple perspectives is a way to ensure that key details are not omitted. However, it is also a nod to the importance of collectivity to the Ojibwe people. Each character is an equally important part of the story. This mimics the importance of each individual within both their immediate family structure and to the community as a whole. This representation is particularly important in light of some key historical points that Erdrich engages with: the Dawes Act, in particular, meant to shatter the communal structure of Ojibwe tribes and encourage a more individualistic culture. Erdrich’s use of polyvocality is then an act of resistance and an indicator that assimilationist policies did not eradicate Ojibwe collectivism.
The Dawes Act is the first historical moment that Erdrich engages with in the text. She notes Augustus’s fear that his Indigenous family members will be persuaded to sell their allotted land. Erdrich frames the Dawes Act as a piece of legislation that is self-consciously assimilationist in spite of government claims that it meant to empower Indigenous men and women by giving them the opportunity for private ownership of their land. Augustus describes The Impact of Relocation Policy on Ojibwe People and Their Communities, including the way that area whites attempt to coerce Indigenous individuals into parting with their allotments, and through his awareness of the duplicitous nature of government policy, Erdrich is able to show that the men and women impacted by such policies were not fooled into thinking that they had Indigenous interests at heart.
Erdrich also depicts the trauma of state-run boarding schools for Indigenous children. Although this fraught cultural phenomenon is not a primary focal point, Erdrich does reveal the boarding schools to be another example of government policy that claimed to foreground the needs of Indigenous communities but was actually assimilationist in nature. The local government official tries to round up Augustus’s children to enroll them in boarding school, and when his coercive tactics fail, he resorts to fear mongering. He yells, “warning everyone that the children would grow up to be illiterate and violent drunks” (47). He is representative of the way that Indigenous men and women were encouraged to send their children to government-funded boarding schools in order to ensure their future success. The tragic reality is that these schools were the sites of terrible human rights violations. Physical and sexual abuse as well as starvation and torture were common, and many children emerged from these schools with severe and long-lasting trauma. That Augustus is able to prevent his children from attending such a school is a nod toward the author’s interest in Indigenous resistance and agency, and through his act of rebellion, she suggests that it is possible to resist assimilation.
These chapters also begin to establish the importance of cultural transmission and to engage with the theme of Traditional Ojibwe Culture in Modernity. Zosie and Mary make sure that their children learn key elements of Ojibwe cultural knowledge in addition to the arithmetic and reading that they learn with their father. That this generation of the family grows up steeped in cultural knowledge is a key moment of engagement with the importance of such traditions, and it will come to be important later in the narrative. The combination of academic skills and cultural knowledge in the household curriculum also pre-figures the way that Rozin and Cecile combine their traditional knowledge with formal education, and this kind of dual focus will be another important practice that is passed from one generation to the next in this family.
Women also emerge as important sites of strength within these first few chapters. The character killed by Scranton Roy, who will later be revealed as the original Other Side of the Earth, as well as Blue Prairie Woman, Matilda, Zosie, and Mary are all characters who show strength in the face of adversity, highlighting the theme of Gender and Indigeneity. Other Side of the Earth dies, but not before cursing her killer and bestowing her meaning-laden name on her granddaughter. Blue Prairie Woman searches for and successfully finds her daughter, and although she herself dies of a fever, her dedication to her daughter will become a family trait that reverberates through each generation: The Roy and Shawano women are fiercely devoted to one another and to their children. Zosie and Mary manage to shape their marriage around their own desires and expectations, which prefigures the way that Cecile and Rozin set their own terms and refuse to remain in harmful romantic relationships.
By Louise Erdrich