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Kao Kalia YangA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Content Warning: This section of the guide discusses genocide, war, displacement, racism, and xenophobia.
The term ethnic minority refers to a group of people who share common cultural, linguistic, or ancestral characteristics that distinguish them from the majority of the population in a particular society. The term religious minority refers to a group of people who share a common religion that distinguishes them from the majority religion within a population. Members of an ethnic or religious minority may face unique social, economic, or political challenges stemming from their minority status. In many societies, ethnic and religious minorities grapple with the preservation of their cultural heritage while navigating the pressures of assimilation into the dominant culture. People from minority groups may also face barriers to education, employment, and economic opportunities as a result of discrimination. Historically, ethnic and religious minorities have been given limited access to decision-making processes and political institutions, hindering their ability to address issues specific to their communities. This lack of representation can exacerbate existing inequalities.
Many of the stories featured in Somewhere in the Unknown World feature ethnic or religious minorities. In the first section of the book, Yang collects stories from religious minorities across Europe: Chapter 1 describes Jewish refugees fleeing persecution in Russia, and Chapter 4 describes the deadly discrimination against Christians in Bosnia. Nearly all of the remaining chapters describe the displacement of ethnic minorities. The collected stories demonstrate the plight of ethnic and religious minorities globally, and the violence to which these communities have historically been subjected. Yang also demonstrates the effects of discrimination on these refugee communities in the United States, where they are once again ethnic minorities.
Genocide is defined by the deliberate and organized destruction, in whole or in part, of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. It involves intentional actions aimed at causing serious harm, physically and mentally, to members of the targeted group, with the ultimate goal of eradicating their existence. Genocidal actions include mass killings, forced displacement, targeted torture, and other forms of violence. The term gained prominence after World War II and was formally recognized in international law through the United Nations’ Genocide Convention of 1948. In the modern world, the definition of genocide is often tied to global politics, and individuals and nations may disagree about what constitutes genocide.
Somewhere in the Unknown World tells the story of survivors of a number of notable genocides: These stories speak to both the violence and resiliency of humanity. Chapter 2 tells the story of Awo Ahmed, a survivor of genocide in Somalia, which targeted the Isaaq ethnic minority. Survivors of concentrated efforts to exterminate the Hmong people also feature prominently in the collection. Yang’s careful treatment of these stories helps bear witness to the horrors of genocide, while also speaking to the possibilities for hope and healing for survivors. A central goal of the collection is to emphasize the legacy of violence of these genocides, and encourage a more peaceful world.
The appendix to Somewhere In the Unknown World defines a refugee as:
[A] person outside of his or her own nationality, unwilling or unable to return to their home country because of a well-founded fear of persecution based on their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion (243).
This definition closely follows the legal definition outlined by the United Nations in the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol. In 2011, the United Nations expanded this definition to include people displaced by social, political, or environmental events seriously disturbing public order. The status of a refugee is distinct from that an immigrant, as refugees are forced to flee due to circumstances beyond their control, whereas immigrants choose to move.
A central goal of the collection is to “convey the refugee lives around me, to show our shared understanding of war and hunger for peace, our vulnerabilities and strengths” (xv). The stories collected in Somewhere in the Unknown World demonstrate the bravery and resilience of refugees as they flee their homes: Chapter 5 describes a family living in the Somali bush to escape violence, while Chapter 11 features a family swimming across the Mekong River to safety in Thailand. The fourth section of the novel highlights the strength of refugee communities in the United States, especially the children of refugees. These stories support the collection’s stated goal to tell the stories of “individuals who struggle and survive the unimaginable every day to be here” (xvi).
By Kao Kalia Yang
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