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Jeff ShaaraA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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At its height, the British Empire spans continents, from Africa to Australia, from North America to Asia, and all points in between. Its mighty navy is the gold standard of sea power, a key asset to the maintenance and oppression of its colonies. This far-flung empire is ruled by a single monarch and a governing body from a tiny island in the north Atlantic. At the time of the American Revolution, the British Empire has existed intact for nearly 200 years. They are accustomed to the world bowing before their king and his every dictate. The colonies, however, have other ideas, and when radicals like Sam Adams and Patrick Henry refuse to accept the king’s policies, the empire’s very identity as a global superpower is challenged. England operates under the supposition that sufficient force is the answer to every problem, even if that force is abusive and unwarranted. When Gage—and later, Howe—cannot squash the rebellion, Admiral Graves takes it upon himself to destroy entire coastal towns, as if the might of the English Navy will reduce the colonies to a subservient, quivering mass. In fact, the opposite is true—the brutality only hardens their resolve against tyranny. England is so inured to the consequences of its oppression that it cannot fathom a resistance movement that is not cowed by its brute strength.
The abuse of power by global empires is practically inevitable: A familiar pattern takes hold of the empire’s ruling class, as well as its citizens. Author and research scientist George Tsakraklides notes:
As they grow and expand, all civilizations are easily deceived by their own momentum. After reaching a certain size they become arrogant enough to call themselves ‘empires.’ A web of narratives is woven to reassure citizens that the all-powerful empire will never fail” (Tsakraklides, George. “The Arrogance of Empire.” Tsakraklides.com, 2022).
The king and his ministers believe in the infallibility of their empire, a mythic power which has been so ingrained into the minds of its own citizens, they see their leaders as beyond question. The radical experiment taking place in the colonies challenges the notion that monarchs can never be questioned, replacing it with the necessity of questioning those in power and the inalienable right to voice grievances. Of course, what the colonists see as an abuse of power, the crown sees as its right. The conflicting narratives—absolute rule versus the rights of citizens to rule themselves—are so starkly in opposition that armed conflict cannot be avoided. Men like Sam Adams see historical patterns, and they know that an empire is by nature oppressive and will never yield unless forced to do so.
For people like Franklin, Thomas Hutchinson, and Margaret Gage, the tension between who they are as Americans and who they are obliged to be as royal subjects is profound. While they are the most prominent examples, that tension exists throughout the colonies and leads to a bitter schism that threatens America’s push for independence. Additionally, firmly British identities cannot conceive of an American identity, and this unwillingness to consider that physical separation from England might lead to the formation of a new, potentially unifying identity is an example of England underestimating the colonies.
Early in the narrative, the line between “American” and “British” seems less clearly defined. The text notes that many colonists choose to live in coastal towns to preserve at least a metaphorical connection—the Atlantic—to England. Loyalists and conservatives like John Dickinson argue against independence until the very end, contending that America owes its lifeblood to England, that they are simply expatriate English citizens. Hutchinson maintains his loyalty despite the harassment he experiences at the hands of the mob, who vandalize his home and raid his private documents. While he is American by birth, his allegiance to the king makes him worse than an Englishman: It makes him a traitor. During and after the war, Hutchinson finds that his dual identity leaves him with no identity at all. He cannot return to Massachusetts, but he is not welcomed in England either.
Margaret Gage is torn between her native New Jersey and her marriage. The tension is ever-present. While she and her husband live in New York, he insists they educate their children in England. When Gage must assert his strength to squash the insurrection, part of his wife’s identity is squashed, too. Their identities—he as military arm of the King and she as native-born colonist—are so distinct, and the times are so fraught with conflict that it becomes imperative for one or the other to cede a part of their identity to avoid a war of their own. As a woman with less social standing than her husband, Margaret understandably agrees to her husband’s demand of overseas education. When the colonies are at peace, so too are the Gages, but once the fighting breaks out, Margaret is forced to choose. Although Shaara shares in the Afterword that historians disagree about Margaret’s role in providing intelligence to the rebels, his fictitious Margaret does just that. She chooses her American identity over that of British commander’s wife.
It can be easy to forget how radical an experiment the colonies were embarking upon at their foundation. Democratic elections are common across the globe, but that was not always the case. In 18th-century Europe, monarchies were a common form of government, and while monarchs were obligated to guide and watch over their subjects, monarchy can lead to corruption and abuse. The corruption within King George III’s government is noted throughout the narrative. Bribery is common, and the governing process is obscured by a lack of transparency. As Franklin comes to embrace the spirit of colonial independence, he is offered a bribe to keep his opinions to himself.
The rebels, using the transgressions of England as a blueprint of how not to govern, sought to give every citizen (wealthy, white male landowners initially) a voice in their own government. The declaration that, “Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed” was truly subversive. The simple claim—taken from the philosophical writings of John Locke—that governments must be participatory to be legitimate would strike fear into the heart of every elite who ruled by birthright rather than merit. Although Locke’s ideas conflated the concepts of self-government and property rights—hence the founders’ restrictions that only white, male property owners should vote—they also set forth the notion of “inalienable” rights that every person should have by virtue of birth, though this idea was applied unevenly in the colonies. These claims shattered the centuries-old hierarchy of monarchical rule, the most extreme form of top-down government. The implicit argument of inalienable rights is that all people are equal, a self-evident truth that nevertheless was heresy to kings and other members of the ruling class. What the colonies sought to accomplish was nothing short of revolutionary, and even men like John Adams voiced uncertainty in the idea, highlighting just how radical of an idea the revolution was at the time.
American Revolution
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Books on U.S. History
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Challenging Authority
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Class
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Class
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Colonialism & Postcolonialism
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Community
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Equality
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Family
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Fathers
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Fear
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Globalization
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Hate & Anger
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Marriage
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Memorial Day Reads
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Military Reads
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Mortality & Death
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Power
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Revenge
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Teams & Gangs
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The Past
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War
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