Patterns of Culture

Benedict introduces the Zuñi by situating them within a larger cultural grouping that she refers to as the Pueblo Indians of the Southwest. Benedict presents a very brief history of the Pueblo Indians, claiming that there is not much archaeological evidence of this cultural group prior to the 12th century (57, 59). She describes the “Pueblo culture” as having a “long homogeneous history” (59), which she says is not representative of the variation found in all other Native American societies (80-81).

Benedict next addresses the social framework of the Zuñi and devotes a substantial portion of the chapter to describing their ceremonial customs. While the Zuñi place great import on ceremonial life, however, especially their fertility rites (63-64), these rituals are enacted in a subdued and measured manner—one that suppresses individual desires and achievement for equanimity. Benedict extends this description of Zuñi ceremonies to all aspects of their social organization—from initiation rites to domestic arrangements to economic transactions and political and religious roles. In each case, the Zuñi express a cultural preference for cooperation and self-control, even in situations of conflict such as marital strife and property disputes (75, 106).

After providing numerous examples of the cultural life of the Zuñi, Benedict cites German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) and his book The Birth of the