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63 pages 2 hours read

Thomas Malory, Peter Ackroyd

The Death of King Arthur: The Immortal Legend

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1485

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Book 3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Book 3: “Tristram and Isolde”

Book 3, Chapter 1 Summary: “Isolde the Fair”

In the country of Liones, sometime during the reign of King Arthur, a queen named Elizabeth dies after giving birth to a boy named Tristram. Meanwhile, her husband, King Meliodas, goes missing after a jealous sorceress leads him into the forest. After being rescued by Merlin, Meliodas returns to his home and mourns the loss of his wife. When he remarries and has more children, the king’s second wife envies Tristram’s claim to the throne. She plots to poison Tristram, but one of her own sons drinks the liquid and dies. During another attempt, the king almost drinks the poison, but when his wife stops him, he remembers their child’s death and realizes she has been plotting to poison Tristram; he sentences her to be burned at the stake. Tristram, however, intercedes on behalf of his stepmother and saves her life. Tristram, accompanied by Gouvernail, a gentleman scholar, goes to France for his studies.

In France, Tristram learns the arts of chivalry, language, hunting, and music. He is 18 when he returns, and his father and stepmother are pleased to see him so handsome and full-grown.

King Angwish of Ireland demands tribute from King Mark of Cornwall. When Mark refuses, Angwish calls upon his brother-in-law, Sir Marhalt of the Round Table, to fight for him in this dispute. King Mark is distraught to learn that Marhalt, one of Arthur’s best knights, is coming to do battle with him, and he remains in his fortress in the vicinity of Tintagel. Tristram, hearing of King Mark’s lack of men, volunteers to fight on his behalf. Tristram is knighted by King Mark and, still accompanied by Gouvernail, sails to the island where Marhalt awaits him.

Tristram and Marhalt battle. Tristram wins. Marhalt returns to King Angwish and shortly afterwards dies of his wounds. A piece of Tristram’s sword lodged in his head is kept afterward as a memento. Marhalt’s sister vows to avenge her dead brother.

Tristram returns to Tintagel to have his wounds treated, but the doctors there learn that Marhalt’s sword was poisoned; the only cure comes from the place where the poison originated. Tristram therefore goes to one of Angwish’s castles and plays his harp for the king, who is impressed. Tristram lies about his true identity, calling himself Sir Tramtrist, and the king offers his daughter, Isolde, to be his caretaker while he recovers. Isolde heals Tristram, and the two fall in love.

A knight in Angwish’s court, Sir Palomides, is already in love with Isolde and gives her gifts. This ignites Tristram’s jealousy, and he jousts against Palomides in a tournament for Isolde’s sake. One of the knights at the tournament is from Meliodas’s court and, recognizing Tristram, bows in front of him. Tristram tells the knight to keep his identity a secret, but Isolde witnesses the scene. Tristram defeats Palomides and makes him swear to leave off his pursuit of Isolde. When Tristram meets with Isolde afterward, she asks him his true identity, but he doesn’t tell her. She remains enamored of him.

One day while Tristram is bathing, the queen finds his sword and notices a piece missing from it that matches the piece that lodged in Marhalt’s head. The queen goes to her husband with the news. King Angwish allows Tristram to live but banishes him from their castle. While saying goodbye to Isolde, Tristram pledges to be her knight for life, and Isolde permits Tristram to choose her husband for her. They give each other rings.

Tristram returns to Tintagel, but a short while later falls out of good standing with King Mark because of their competing affections for a woman, the wife of the Earl of Segwarides. Tristram and King Mark battle for her (King Mark is disguised), and Tristram wins. Still bloody from the fight, Tristram goes to the woman’s bedchamber and has sex with her. The next day, the Earl of Segwarides sees the blood (from Tristram’s wounds) on the bed and is outraged that his wife has been unfaithful. Tristram escapes the situation and returns home. King Mark half-heartedly welcomes him, keeping to himself that he was the one battling Tristram for the Earl of Segwarides’s wife.

Sir Bleoberis of the Round Table comes to King Mark’s court and demands the most beautiful woman there: Segwarides’s wife. Bleoberis rides off with her. Tristram does not immediately come to her aid because, he explains, that is first the duty of her husband; however, when Bleoberis injures the Earl of Segwarides, Tristram rides out to rescue his lover. The two men fight, but when each learns the identity of the other (Bleoberis is a cousin of Lancelot), they both agree to lay down their weapons. They decide to leave Segwarides’s wife midway between them and let her choose which knight to walk toward. Though the woman first addresses Tristram, she walks toward Bleoberis because Tristram let her husband come to her aid instead of coming immediately to save her. Bleoberis, however, changes his mind and no longer wants Segwarides’s wife, offering her to Tristram, but the woman refuses to go with Tristram. Beloberis takes her back to her wounded husband, settling the matter, but King Mark is still angry at Tristram. He plots to kill Tristram by sending him back to Ireland on a mission to retrieve Isolde (the king claims he wants to marry her). Tristram rallies a few knights to accompany him.

A storm lands Tristram and his men at Portsmouth, near Camelot. Tristram is overjoyed to learn that King Angwish is in prison because of a dispute with Arthur (his overlord) and in need of a rescuer; thinking this will grant him good standing with the King of Ireland to the extent of being allowed to marry Isolde, Tristram pledges to help Angwish and rides in contest against Sir Blamoure, brother of Bleoberis.

Tristram beats Blamoure but then faces a dilemma. To preserve the chivalric code of honor, Tristram must kill Blamoure and thus end the dispute; however, Tristram is unwilling to kill Blamoure because Blamoure is a cousin of Lancelot, and killing Lancelot’s cousin would be dishonorable. Tristram appeals to the court that convicted Angwish of wrongdoing. Seeing his bravery in battle and willingness to die, the court declares Blamoure’s honor intact. Seeing that Tristram has clearly won, the court also declares the matter with Angwish resolved. Blamoure lives, and Angwish is released.

Back in Ireland, Tristram asks Angwish for a favor in return for his help. He asks for Isolde’s hand in marriage, but not for himself—for King Mark, who sent Tristram on this errand in the first place. Tristram explains he is doing this out of fealty to his lord. The king permits this. The queen gives Gouvernail and Bragwaine (Isolde’s lady-in-waiting) a flask containing a magic love potion to hand to King Mark and Isolde on their wedding night. Instead, on the journey home, Tristram and Isolde both drink the potion by mistake and fall even more deeply in love with each other.

Near Cornwall, the group is captured and taken to the Castle Pleure. Sir Brewnour, the master of the castle, has a custom of battling every knight he comes across and beheading any woman less pretty than his wife; if he encounters a prettier woman, he will behead his own wife instead. When Brewnour sees Isolde, he challenges Tristram to behead (his) Brewnour’s wife; Tristram justifies this act with reference to the couple’s barbaric customs, saying their lives are no great loss. Tristram then fights Brewnour for Isolde and kills him.

Brewnour’s son, Sir Galahalt, hears of this and brings a large company, led by the King of the Hundred Knights, to challenge Tristram. Tristram surrenders to the large company but not to Galahalt since it was cowardly of him to challenge Tristram with a big group to back himself. The King of the Hundred Knights releases Tristram on the condition that he will join the court of Lancelot. Tristram agrees.

Tristram and Isolde and all their group sail on and arrive at Tintagel. Isolde marries King Mark, but she and Tristram remain deeply in love.

Bragwaine, Isolde’s lady-in-waiting, falls into disfavor with people at Tintagel; they trick her into the forest and tie her up for three days. Palomides happens upon her and rescues her. He reunites Bragwaine and Isolde on the condition that Isolde be handed over to him. King Mark agrees, thinking that Tristram will come along in time to rescue her, but Tristram is off hunting in the woods.

Palomides rides off with Isolde but encounters Lambegus, one of Tristram’s knights; they fight and Palomides defeats Lambegus. When Palomides looks around, Isolde is gone.

Isolde contemplates suicide in the forest before being saved by Sir Adtherpe, who hears of Palomides’s behavior and rides out to challenge him. Palomides defeats Adtherpe and finds Isolde in Adtherpe’s castle. Tristram, hearing the news, confronts Palomides there. While the two men are fighting, Isolde realizes that Palomides is an unbaptized Saracen and therefore will go to hell if he dies. Even though she loves Tristram, Isolde makes Tristram spare Palomides so he can be baptized as a Christian. Tristram obeys.

Sir Andred, Tristram’s cousin, jealous and hateful toward Tristram and wanting to start trouble, tells King Mark that Tristram and Isolde were holding hands one day. Tristram, when challenged by the king, does not fight him but disarms and threatens him; he then fights the king’s knights and escapes the castle. Seeing that Tristram is likely to soon join Arthur’s court, which would put him in league with Lancelot, King Mark decides to make peace with Tristram to avoid enmity with Arthur’s knights. Tristram is welcomed back.

At a tournament, Sir Tristram fights Sir Lamorak but stops short of using swords; Lamorak is already a well-proven knight, and Tristram disagrees with the terms upon which King Mark initiated the contest. Lamorak, on the other hand, feels slighted that Tristram did not keep up the fight.

While riding away, Lamorak comes across a knight Morgan is sending to Arthur’s court. The knight is carrying a magic goblet; when a person drinks its contents, it will reveal whether they are truly in love with their partner. Morgan plotted to use this device to create unrest at Camelot by demonstrating that Guinevere, Arthur’s wife, is really in love with Lancelot. Lamorak, however, sees his chance and makes the knight take the goblet to Tintagel. Isolde and all her ladies-in-waiting are made to drink from it (even though some try to spill it or choke on it), and it reveals that almost none of them love who they pretend to, including Isolde (who loves Tristram). Infuriated, the king wants to burn them all at the stake, but his lords and barons remind him that this goblet is magic created by Morgan le Fay, who is wicked and tricky. The king spares the women’s lives.

Andred catches Tristram naked in bed with Isolde and captures him. Tristram barely escapes and then hears from Gouvernail that Isolde is being held captive in a house of lepers. Tristram rescues Isolde, protected all the while from the deadly disease, and takes her away to a private house where the two live peacefully for a short while.

One day Tristram falls asleep under a plum tree and is shot unawares with a poison-tipped arrow; Tristram had killed the brother of the archer. Tristram kills the archer in self-defense. Word reaches King Mark that Tristram is injured, and he captures Isolde while Tristram is away. Isolde manages to send a message to Tristram that he must seek healing from another Isolde (Isolde of the White Hands), who is the daughter of King Howell of Brittany. Tristram journeys there with Gouvernail.

Learning that Howell is at war with a man named Grip, Tristram fights for Howell to gain his trust and receives treatment from Isolde of the White Hands. This new Isolde is so pretty and intelligent that Tristram agrees to marry her, but on the night of their wedding Tristram refuses to consummate the marriage out of loyalty to the first Isolde, whom he still loves.

The news of Tristram’s marriage reaches Tintagel and Camelot. Lancelot takes issue with Tristram’s infidelity to his chosen lady, and Isolde, when she hears of Tristram’s marriage, is irate. Deeply hurt, she writes to Guinevere, and Guinevere sends a comforting letter in reply.

Book 3, Chapter 2 Summary: “Tristram’s Madness and Exile”

Tristram, Gouvernail, and Sir Kehadius (the son of the king of Brittany) become lost in the Perilous Forest on their way to Cornwall. Tristram and Kehadius instruct Gouvernail to wait 10 days while they brave the forest. The two knights come upon a mournful knight sitting beside a well. Both joust against this knight and are knocked off their horses, but Tristram pursues the contest further. After two hours of fighting, both combatants reveal their identities. Tristram is fighting Lamorak. Their fighting leads to a stalemate out of which both make an oath of friendship. Kehadius recovers from his wounds at a forester’s cabin.

Lamorak leaves and comes across Sir Meliagaunt, son of Bagdemagus, who is grieving over his unreciprocated love for Guinevere. When the subject is brought up, Lamorak denies that Guinevere is the most beautiful woman in the world; he says Queen Morgause is. The two fight over this. At this point, Lancelot and Bleoberis arrive and recognize the two fighters. Lancelot challenges Lamorak for contending another queen is superior to Guinevere, but Bleoberis reasons with Lancelot that every man thinks his own lady is superior; it is human nature. Hearing this, Lancelot relents.

Tristram meets with Sir Kay in the Perilous Forest, and the two ride on, joined later by Sir Tor. Tristram is offered a seat at Arthur’s Round Table, but Tristram forgoes the offer because he considers himself still untested and unproven.

Arthur, defending his kingship, visits Wales and stays in the castle at Cardiff. A sorceress in love with Arthur arrives, luring the king into the Perilous Forest to seduce him. Several of Arthur’s knights ride after him, suspecting trouble. Arthur, remembering Guinevere, resists all of Aunowre the sorceress’s spells and seductions. Nineve, the successor to the previous Lady of the Lake, sees in her enchanted mirror all that is happening and summons Tristram to help Arthur. Arthur is saved from Aunowre and kills her. When Arthur asks who his rescuer is, Tristram says he is only a humble adventurer.

Kehadius, recovered from his injuries, joins Tristram, and the two come out of the Perilous Forest to stay with King Mark. Isolde is overjoyed to see Tristram, and the two lovers reunite. Kehadius sees Isolde for the first time and is taken by her beauty. Isolde, pitying him, maintains a correspondence with him that Tristram learns of; this enrages Tristram, who believes Isolde has been unfaithful to him. After fighting Kehadius, Tristram leaves so as to avoid plunging Isolde into scandal. Isolde is disconsolate after Tristram runs away, and Tristram is devastated himself. In his depression, he plays the harp and wanders.

Tristram wanders for months in the company of shepherds. After a dispute in the woods with Sir Dagonet, news reaches King Mark that a wild man is living in the woods, but he supposes the wild man to be someone other than Tristram.

Andred spreads a rumor that Tristram is dead, and out of grief Isolde determines to kill herself. King Mark saves her but then locks her away in a tower. Isolde languishes there for many months.

Tristram rescues one of King Mark’s knights, Sir Dinaunt, from a giant. Dinaunt reports back to Mark that the wild man in the woods saved him. Mark is intrigued and wants to meet this man. When Tristram is brought back to Mark’s castle, not even Isolde recognizes him, but Isolde’s dog catches Tristram’s scent. Seeing the dog react to its old master, Isolde and Bragwaine realize the wild man is Tristram.

When the king and the rest of the castle learn Tristram’s identity, he is exiled. Tristram meets Sir Dinadan and wins in competition with him. Then the two sail together to a forest where they learn of a plot Morgan has devised against Arthur. Guided by a lady to the spot of ambush, Tristram and Dinadan overcome the traitorous knights.

Seeking shelter nearby, Tristram and Dinadan are forced by custom to joust two knights before they may rest in the nearby castle. The knights are Sir Gaheris and Sir Palomides. Because Dinadan is still weak from their last adventure, Tristram agrees to fight them both. He wins against both of them.

On his way to a tournament, Tristram is approached by a woman offering him the chance to win more renown. He accepts, but on the way they run into Gawain, who recognizes the woman as one of Morgan le Fay’s servants. Gawain threatens her, and she reveals that Morgan meant to lay a trap for Tristram. Calling Morgan’s bluff, the two knights ride toward the trap, but the knights waiting in ambush are too scared to fight when they hear Gawain has come.

Tristram is reunited with Bragwaine, who has with her letters from Isolde. They travel together to the tournament and stay in the house of Pellownes’s son, Sir Persides. The day before the tournament, Tristram fights against Palomides, who beats him. At the tournament, Tristram succeeds magnificently but is afterward captured and imprisoned by Sir Darras, whose sons Tristram killed during the tournament.

Book 3, Chapter 3 Summary: “Tristram and the Round Table”

Knights from the Round Table ride in search of the nameless champion of the tournament (Tristram) because Arthur feels he is worthy of joining their ranks.

Sir Uwain attends a dinner banquet at the castle of King Mark and agrees to fight against Sir Andred. When Uwain beats Andred, Mark petitions Sir Gaheris to fight Uwain. Uwain ultimately declines, since he and Uwain are cousins and both members of the Round Table. Mark sneaks up on Uwain and injures him unawares just as Sir Kay arrives on the scene and accuses Andred of injuring Uwain. Uwain is taken away to receive medical aid.

Gaheris leaves Mark’s castle but travels close by the forest of Morris so he can watch over Kay, who accepts a challenge of adventure from King Mark. At the Perilous Lake, the two are ambushed by Mark and Andred. After beating both attackers, Gaheris and Kay spare their lives.

Tristram falls sick while imprisoned, but Sir Darras learns his identity and releases him, declaring that Tristram’s killing of his two sons was only done to comply with the code of chivalry.

Tristram finds his way to a castle where Morgan is staying. She captures him and tries to keep him there, but the two strike a bargain: She frees Tristram on the condition that he participate in a contest at the Castle of the Hard Rock, using a shield that Morgan gives him. The shield depicts a king and queen being crushed by a knight, which, Morgan explains, represents the downfall of Arthur of Guinevere.

On his way to the Castle of the Hard Rock, Tristram fights and kills Sir Hemison, Morgan’s lover. Morgan buries Hemison.

At the Castle of the Hard Rock, Tristram fights valiantly with the shield. Arthur notices his strength but still does not know who Tristram is. Guinevere trembles seeing the shield, suspecting it depicts the consequences of loving Lancelot. Arthur too is troubled by the shield and decides to challenge Tristram himself. Tristram beats Arthur and then leaves the tournament.

Tristram comes across nine knights attacking Palomides. Though Palomides is his enemy, Tristram helps him because it is unfair that nine knights should attack one. After saving Palomides, Tristram challenges Palomides, but Palomides says he is too winded at the moment and suggests another date for their battle. Both are then attacked by another knight, whom Tristram pursues. Palomides remains where he is, reminded by the departing Tristram to meet him at the designated time and place for the duel.

On the trail of this mysterious knight, Tristram comes across a succession of knights who have lately been victimized by the same person: a knight with a covered shield. Tristram continues his pursuit.

The time comes for Tristram’s fight with Palomides, but Palomides does not show up. In his place, the knight with the covered shield arrives. They are at Merlin’s Stone, a place that was prophesied to be the site of a battle between the two greatest lovers. They fight for a long time until each discovers the other’s identity: Tristram has been fighting Lancelot. They immediately stop fighting and embrace each other as friends. Lancelot brings Tristram back with him to Camelot, and Arthur inducts Tristram into the order of the Round Table.

Book 3, Chapter 4 Summary: “The Reunion of Tristram and Isolde”

Tristram has many adventures as a knight of the Round Table. Meanwhile, Isolde has escaped the tower of King Mark and is hiding in Lancelot’s castle, called Joyous Garde. Tristram finds her there and pleads for her to come away with him, but out of better judgment she decides to stay where she will be safe.

Tristram finally runs into Palomides, and the two settle their old score with a fight. They arrive at a truce and, together with Sir Galleron (whose armor Tristram borrows during the fight), they visit the Bishop of Carlisle, who baptizes Palomides. They all ride back to Camelot.

Book 3 Analysis

The story of Tristram and Isolde concerns the workings of romantic love within the matrix of chivalry. More frequently than any other obstacle, what prevents the two lovers from being together is duty to the code of courtly behavior. Ironically, both characters’ loyalty to that code demonstrates that they are good and noble candidates for the loftiness and responsibility of courtly love: a highly stylized form of romance involving a knight’s hopeless but undying devotion to an unattainable woman (typically married and/or of higher rank).

Tristram, after showing mercy to his stepmother, studies in France and returns to help King Mark because no one else is willing to volunteer. This displays Tristram’s character as a man of courtesy—good courtly conduct. Similarly, Isolde, once aware of Tristram’s true identity, remains loyal to her duties at the castle but permits Tristram to select a husband for her.

Since a knight must have a special lady to whom he devotes his service and since it seems impossible for him to marry Isolde, Tristram selects another woman, the wife of the Earl of Segwarides; her married status is not an obstacle to this relationship, though the question of whether courtly love permitted sexually consummating such relationships remains the subject of critical debate. Regardless, Tristram behaves according to chivalric standards when he delays his rescue of Segwarides’s wife to allow her husband to save her; however, Segwarides’s wife later commits the indiscretion of expressing her anger at being left to her husband. This cools Bleoberis’s attraction to her, and the two men cease quarreling over the woman and become allies, respecting the sanctity of the Round Table (since Bleoberis is a relative of Lancelot).

Tristram’s devotion to chivalry is so great that he even spares Blamoure’s life when technically their fight should be to the death. Because he is acting in the service of King Mark, this would normally be interpreted as downplaying Mark’s importance next to the glory of the Round Table, but Tristram escapes charges of knightly malpractice through the judges’ decision to resolve the issue and let Blamoure live. Tristram also proves his loyalty to King Mark when, despite drinking a magic love potion, he successfully brings Isolde back to be married—to the king, not himself. Even when Tristram does ride out to rescue Isolde (in the incident with Palomides), he spares his opponent for religious reasons and at Isolde’s request. His passion for Isolde is therefore beholden to the code of proper knightly behavior.

When Mark banishes Tristram, he proves himself worthy through humility in the forest. Capable of great deeds of strength, Tristram keeps his identity a secret from everyone, even Arthur. Banished, he is practically without an identity; however, his identity as a knight is fundamentally intact since he persists in acts of rescue, nobility, and charity. Tristram even defends Palomides, his enemy, for the sake of proper knightly conduct.

Ultimately, Tristram’s induction to the Round Table results from his pursuit of a knight with a covered shield, who is revealed to be Lancelot. The chase is a metaphoric one. Tristram, the other great lover in Arthurian tradition, is second now only to Lancelot in terms of courtly prowess. By chasing Lancelot, Tristram (without knowing it) engages in the highest calling any knight could undertake. The two conclude their competition in a truce, marking a period of peace and coexistence in Camelot, where the title of greatest can be shared and the equity of the Round Table welcomes all.

Doubles and foils are prominent throughout Le Morte d'Arthur, but they are especially obvious in this section, which features two separate Isoldes who meet and fall in love with the same man under nearly identical circumstances. In some cases, these correspondences may stem from the way the legends developed over time; neither Lancelot nor his relationship with Guinevere featured in the earliest Arthurian stories, and the development of this plotline likely borrowed from the already existing legend of Tristram and Isolde. Malory, however, frequently deploys such parallels to underscore the heroism of his primary characters. A good foil for Tristram is Sir Andred, whose jealousy and anger motivates him to act in deceitful ways. By contrast, even when impassioned, Tristram behaves in accordance with the code of chivalry: In the fight with King Mark for Isolde, Tristram spares the king. When Tristram marries another Isolde, he does not consummate the marriage out of devotion to the first Isolde. Tristram is also juxtaposed with Lancelot, another ideal lover. Even Arthur has his love tested in the episode with Aunowre. He emerges unscathed from this test, and his nobility appears all the greater in contrast to his fellow king, Mark, who behaves in cowardly and deceitful ways throughout this section.

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