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63 pages 2 hours read

Thomas Malory, Peter Ackroyd

The Death of King Arthur: The Immortal Legend

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1485

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Book 1Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Book 1: “The Tale of King Arthur”

Book 1, Chapter 1 Summary: “Merlin”

Uther Pendragon, king of England, wishes to take as his mistress the Duke of Tintagel’s beautiful wife, Igraine. However, Tintagel and Igraine depart from court once Igraine senses the king’s desire to sleep with her. Pendragon pursues the couple but falls ill, calling on his servant to look for the magician Merlin, who the king hopes will be of help. Merlin, disguised as a beggar, agrees to help on the condition that the king give him the child whom Igraine will conceive. The king agrees, and Merlin arranges for the death of the Duke of Tintagel amid a confused skirmish. That night Pendragon, disguised as the duke, sleeps with Igraine, who becomes pregnant with Arthur.

Pendragon and Igraine marry, and two of Igraine’s daughters from her previous union (Morgause, Elaine, and Morgan le Fay) receive husbands; the exception is Morgan le Fay, who before marrying spends time in a nunnery learning magic. Igraine learns that the king was the one who slept with her on the night her husband died. When Arthur is born, Merlin reminds Uther Pendragon of his promise and takes the child, placing Arthur in the care of the knight Sir Hector.

Some years pass, and the king falls ill amid a season of war and unrest. After Pendragon dies, many candidates for the throne rise up and claim their right to be king. Merlin prompts the Archbishop of Canterbury to assemble these would-be rulers on Christmas Day at a church in London, where they find a sword lodged in a piece of stone; it bears writing declaring as king whoever is able to pull the sword from the stone. The men try to pull the sword. No one is able.

When Sir Kay, son of Sir Hector, loses his sword at a tournament on New Year’s Day, young Arthur (at this point Sir Hector’s adopted child) runs to look for a sword and comes across the sword in the stone. He successfully pulls the sword out and runs back to Sir Kay, but when Kay sees the sword he recognizes it. Arthur is questioned. Once the matter is proven true, Arthur is named king of England.

Not long after the coronation, a few bitter rulers of surrounding districts attack Arthur, angry at a young boy being named king in such a strange way. During the siege of Arthur’s tower, Merlin arrives to intercede on the new king’s behalf, explaining to the attacking forces the legitimacy of Arthur’s claim to the throne. When this fails, Merlin instructs Arthur to fight and, at his most desperate moment, to use the sword he pulled from the stone. Arthur does this, and the sword proves so powerful that he defeats all the assembled forces.

Some time later, King Lot, married to Morgause (Arthur’s half-sister), sends his wife to visit the king and pay homage to his reign. Arthur is immediately attracted to Morgause, who he does not know is his sister, and the two sleep together, later resulting in the birth of Mordred.

After Morgause and her group leave, Arthur has a nightmare in which dragons and serpents overrun England. When he wakes, to get his mind off the stressful dream, he organizes a hunting party; however, he gets lost in the forest when his horse tires and a servant leaves to fetch another. Alone in the forest, Arthur witnesses a strange, monstrous beast moving through the bushes. A knight, King Pellinor, arrives on the scene and explains to Arthur that it is his (Pellinor’s) quest to hunt the strange beast. Pellinor leaves and Merlin arrives, disguised as a servant boy and warning Arthur that trouble will come from his union with Morgause: The child will one day kill Arthur and many of his knights. Then Merlin reveals himself. When he returns with Arthur to Caerleon (Arthur’s fortress home), Arthur learns the truth of his birth—that he is not Sir Hector’s child but in fact the son of Uther Pendragon and Igraine. Arthur reunites with his true mother, and a celebration takes place.

After being visited by ambassadors seeking tribute to the Emperor of Rome, Arthur journeys into the forest again. He is hunting for Pellinor to avenge the loss of a knight who claimed, before dying, that Pellinor had attacked him. In the wood, Arthur meets Merlin, who accompanies him to Pellinor’s encampment, warning Arthur how dangerous a foe Pellinor is. They find Pellinor, and Arthur and Pellinor fight in single combat. Arthur loses his sword. Pellinor has the upper hand and is about to kill Arthur when Merlin intervenes: He casts a sleeping spell on Pellinor and then drags Arthur away, explaining to him that Pellinor will prove an important player in future events.

After receiving medical treatment at a nearby hermitage, Arthur travels with Merlin through the forest until they reach a lake. Out of the water comes an arm holding a sword. Then a lady dressed in black approaches in a small boat, and Merlin explains to Arthur that she is the Lady of the Lake. Arthur asks permission to retrieve the upheld sword, and the Lady of the Lake allows it, pointing Arthur to a small boat that he can row to the arm; yet the Lady of the Lake also tells Arthur that he must grant her request, whatever it may be, when the time comes. Arthur agrees. The sword that Arthur takes from the arm in the middle of the lake is called Excalibur.

On the first of May, the day that Merlin prophesied would be the birthday of Arthur’s nemesis (the offspring of his union with Morgause), Arthur demands all the newborn infants of the land be handed over to him. He then places them in a boat that he lets loose upon the ocean. Most of the children die, but Mordred survives. Arthur’s subjects are upset at his infanticide but largely blame Merlin for putting the idea into his head.

Book 1, Chapter 2 Summary: “The Knight with the Two Swords”

Amid unrest involving neighboring kings (particularly King Rience) who still want to overthrow him, Arthur calls for a council meeting at his castle in Camelot. An ambassador of Lady Lile from the enchanted island of Avalon attends, holding a sword that she says only a knight of true valor and worth can unsheathe. After none of Arthur’s company manages to unsheathe the sword, Sir Balin, a humble knight dressed in poor clothes, succeeds. The lady congratulates Balin, but after he refuses to return the sword to her, she warns him that by this sword he will kill his best friend. Balin, enthused by the acquisition of his new weapon and willing to risk the lady’s warning, prepares to ride out of Camelot in search of adventures.

At this point, the Lady of the Lake arrives and calls on Arthur to fulfill his promise; she demands the head of Sir Balin or of the lady from Avalon or both. Balin steps back into the room and, seeing the Lady of the Lake, accuses her of being the woman who killed his mother. He cuts off her head with his sword, causing Arthur to banish him. To win back the king’s favor, Balin plots to kill King Rience. Meanwhile, Arthur mourns the loss of the Lady of the Lake and is approached by Sir Launceot (not to be confused with Sir Lancelot), an Irish knight jealous of Balin for having won the sword from the lady of Avalon. Launceot gets permission from Arthur to ride after Balin and challenge him to mortal combat. Merlin discloses to Arthur that the lady from Avalon was actually treacherous and that the sword she brought with her will do much harm.

Launceot catches up to Balin, and they fight. Balin fatally wounds Launceot and is then approached by a young woman on horseback, who, seeing Launceot’s dead body, stabs and kills herself. Balin feels grief and guilt for having unintentionally caused this girl’s death. At that moment, Balin’s brother, Balan, arrives and agrees to join Balin in his pursuit of King Rience.

Merlin (in disguise as a dwarf) meets the two brothers and prophesies that, because he caused the suicide of the young woman earlier, Balin will deliver what Merlin calls the “dolorous stroke” by cutting down the truest knight in the world. Balin is dismayed. A short while later Merlin reappears in another disguise to help him and his brother defeat King Rience. After Rience’s capture, Arthur is attacked by Rience’s brother, King Nero, and his forces. Balin and Balan join in the fighting, and Arthur’s forces are victorious.

Shortly after the battle, Arthur falls ill. While he is lying in a meadow to recover, he witnesses a mourning knight ride past, followed by Balin. He commands Balin to follow the mourning knight and learn why he is so sad. Balin finds the knight, named Sir Harleus, next to a woman and persuades him to accompany him back to the king, but a hidden archer in the trees kills Harleus along the way. Before dying, Harleus tells Balin this is the work of a man named Garlon and instructs Balin to return to the woman and avenge his death.

Balin finds the woman and together they journey to a castle. There they fall prey to an ambush, and the woman is almost killed. Balin stops the attackers, who explain that inside their walls their mistress is lying ill; only a mixture including the blood of a virgin can cure her, so they automatically attack any young woman entering their premises. With Balin’s permission, the woman willingly gives some of her blood to the men of the castle, but it doesn’t heal their mistress.

At another castle, Balin meets a host whose dying son was injured by an unidentified rider and can only be cured by that rider’s blood. Balin discerns that the rider was Garlon.

At the court of King Pellam, Balin finds Garlon and kills him. To avenge Garlon, King Pellam fights Balin. Their fight takes them into a secluded room where an ornate spear lies over a blanketed corpse. Balin picks up the spear and delivers the “dolorous stroke,” seriously wounding Pellam and causing the whole building to collapse, killing everyone inside (but not Pellam). Three days later, Merlin arrives and pulls Balin out of the rubble, showing him the destruction the dolorous stroke caused. The narrator explains that the blanketed corpse was that of Joseph of Arimathea and that the spear was the same one used to pierce the side of Jesus Christ during the crucifixion.

Balin, an outcast for having delivered the dolorous stroke, wanders into distant places and comes to a cross with a puzzling riddle engraved on it. Several strangers approach Balin, warning him of his fate, but he still accepts the challenge to fight a knight dressed in red who lives in the nearby castle. The two knights fight; it is only when both of them are close to dying that they realize that they are brothers, the red knight being Balan. Merlin buries both of them, and the narrator describes the various curses and enchantments that would rest on that infamous spot until the quest for the Holy Grail.

Book 1, Chapter 3 Summary: “Arthur and Guinevere”

Arthur tells Merlin his intention of finding a wife and says he loves Guinevere. Merlin warns that Guinevere will cause Arthur great pain years later when a love affair arises between her and Lancelot; however, Arthur has made up his mind. Guinevere’s father is pleased and sends not only his daughter but 100 knights to join Arthur’s court, as well as a round table that belonged to Uther Pendragon, Arthur’s biological father. Arthur and Guinevere marry.

Merlin is in love with a former companion of the Lady of the Lake, a trickster named Nineve. In conversation with the king, Merlin foretells his own death and warns Arthur that his sword, Excalibur, will one day be stolen by the woman Arthur trusts most.

Merlin and Nineve journey together to France and meet King Ban and Queen Elaine. There they also see the royal couple’s young son, Lancelot. Merlin predicts that Lancelot will be famous, and the group briefly marvels over the curious fact that his birth name had been Galahad but was changed to Lancelot.

Nineve, after receiving Merlin’s affection and lessons in magic, grows tired of him and tricks him into crawling down a crevice, which she then seals with a large rock. Merlin is buried alive.

Meanwhile at Carlisle, Arthur is at war with five neighboring kings and laments that his reign has not enjoyed much peace so far. He calls for Pellinor to aid him and even tells Guinevere she must come with him to war because her presence will fill him with bravery. When the five kings launch a surprise attack against Arthur’s forces, Arthur and Guinevere escape to the banks of a river, where Arthur, Sir Kay, Sir Gawain, and Sir Griflet defeat the five pursuing enemy kings. They send Guinevere safely across the river and then return to the scene of the battle, where the belligerent armies surrender upon learning about their kings’ deaths.

Arthur returns to Camelot and consults Pellinor about the seats left empty at the Round Table due to the recent fighting. Pellinor names worthy candidates to replace the men who have died, and Arthur inducts new knights into the fellowship of the Round Table. One of these new knights, Bagdemagus, rides out in search of adventure to prove himself worthy of inclusion in Arthur’s court and finds a miraculous plant that is a sign of the Holy Grail. He also finds the spot where Merlin is buried and tries to save the trapped magician. Merlin tells Bagdemagus that only Nineve, who trapped him there, can remove the rock, so he must remain there until she relents. Bagdemagus returns to Arthur’s court and becomes a knight of the Round Table.

Book 1, Chapter 4 Summary: “Morgan le Fay”

In the middle of a hunting trip in the forest, Arthur and some of his knights come across an abandoned boat with white and purple sails gliding across a lake. Aboard the boat are stores of fine silk. Night falls, and 12 women appear out of nowhere on the boat, beckoning Arthur and his men to feast and sleep. When the men wake up, each is in a different place. Uriens is back in Camelot with his wife, Morgan le Fay (the king’s half-sister). Arthur wakes up inside a prison cell.

The other prisoners in the cell explain to Arthur that they are captives of Sir Damas, who kidnaps knights to fight in his place against his noble younger brother Sir Oughtlake in a feud about land. A woman enters the prison, asking if Arthur will fight for Sir Damas, and Arthur agrees. The woman is one of Morgan le Fay’s servants.

Meanwhile, Sir Accolon (who was also aboard the enchanted boat) has woken up in a perilous position beside a deep well. Trapped and afraid of falling to his death, Accolon prays, and an emissary sent by Morgan le Fay arrives, handing Accolon the sword Excalibur and telling him he must fight a king in single combat in service to Morgan. Accolon agrees.

Arthur and Accolon are set to battle against each other without knowing it. Before the contest begins, a messenger of Morgan gifts Arthur with a counterfeit sword, a lookalike Excalibur, and passes along Morgan’s apology for stealing it. Not until he is in battle does Arthur realize his sword is not the real Excalibur. Just as Arthur is about to die, Nineve uses magic taught to her by Merlin and causes Arthur to regain the real Excalibur. With his sword back in his possession, the king defeats his opponent only to realize it is Accolon. In his outrage, Arthur denounces Morgan and publicly shames Sir Damas. Arthur and Accolon ride to a nearby abbey. Accolon dies of his wounds, but Arthur is healed and sends word to Morgan that he is alive and again in possession of Excalibur.

Morgan’s son, Sir Uwain, stops her during an attempt to kill her husband (Sir Uriens), but she claims she was acting under the influence of supernatural powers. She soon after learns that Arthur is still alive and gets permission from Guinevere to leave the area on a personal errand. Morgan stumbles upon the abbey where Arthur is recovering and learns that he is there and is sleeping. She steals Excalibur again. When Arthur wakes, he rides with Sir Oughtlake in pursuit of Morgan.

Morgan, seeing her pursuers, throws the sword into the lake and hides herself using magic. Once Arthur and Oughtlake leave, Morgan witnesses an execution attempt on a blindfolded knight accused of adultery. The blindfolded knight is named Manessen, and he is a cousin of the late Sir Accolon. Out of love for Accolon (and also because the charges of adultery are false), Morgan rescues Manessen, who in turn kills his executioner. Morgan tells Manessen to pass on threatening messages to Arthur. Morgan flees into the woods with her servants.

Book 1 Analysis

Arthur himself is the main character of this first section in Malory’s text. Though the stories of other knights feature, they appear primarily as subjects within Arthur’s realm. Their descriptions reflect the sort of kingdom over which Arthur is lord (and therefore what sort of man and ruler he is).

The narrative details through which Arthur rises to kingship are miraculous and glorious but also darkened by foreboding tensions. For example, though Arthur is successfully conceived amid complicated circumstances, once born he is immediately promised to Merlin and goes to live with Sir Hector. This detachment from his biological family will cause much confusion and pain for Arthur later (such as sleeping with his half-sister). Another example of fantastic phenomena paired with underlying tension involves the sword Excalibur. Arthur seems more than simply a king by royal birth; occurrences like the miraculous appearance of the sword Excalibur portray him as king by divine right. However, to acquire Excalibur, Arthur makes a deal with the Lady of the Lake, which later on will produce devastating consequences.

This encounter is one of many ways in which the first section sets the stage for future events. Almost immediately after pulling the sword from the stone, King Arthur is challenged by neighboring rulers who are jealous of his throne. This will set a precedent leading all the way up to Mordred’s usurpation at the end of the book. Arthur’s decision to kill the newborn children is also ominous, evoking the Biblical “Massacre of the Innocents” in which Herod, fearing challenges to his rule, orders the death of all male infants. Though the work depicts Arthur’s reign as a golden age of chivalry, looming shadows of conflict, mortality, and angst surround even the era’s beginnings.

In particular, the brother-versus-brother story of Balin and Balan foreshadows the future civil war between two other relatives, Arthur and Mordred. It is likely not a coincidence that this narrative also features a mysterious and magical sword; the parallel to Excalibur invites the comparison between Balin and Arthur and also speaks to the symbolic significance of such weapons. That a sword is so often the instrument through which characters gain status suggests that force plays a major role in securing power (as it would have in the real world at the time these legends take place). In Malory, however, only knights worthy of wielding these swords can claim them, implying a legitimacy that comes from inner character rather than mere strength of arms. This reflects a tension within chivalry itself, which originated in martial codes but gradually acquired expectations of piety, gallantry, etc. Nevertheless, the underlying violence remained and (as Balan’s death demonstrates) could surface in destructive ways. 

Romantic conflicts also emerge early in the story. Malory juxtaposes Arthur’s relationship with Guinevere with the story of Merlin and Nineve. When betrayal takes place among the latter couple, it foreshadows tension within the former. In fact, both Merlin and Arthur have explicit knowledge of what will happen if they pursue their respective love interests but choose to do so anyway—a commentary on the power of both fate and love itself. This section also introduces Bagdemagus, whose son Meliagaunt will fall in love with Guinevere and cause trouble. Much as Arthur must defend his kingdom, he is also forced to defend his wife, which shows Camelot from the start to be a vulnerable place, prone to attack.

Perhaps Arthur’s first truly formidable opponent is Morgan. The section describing his struggle with her mischievousness and evil scheming amounts to a first glimpse at what Arthur’s reign looks like under the sway of civil war and family disputes. Though Arthur fights many battles, his worst foes always seem to come from his own family, and Morgan is no exception. It is meaningful that Arthur gains victory over Morgan through repossession of his sword Excalibur, representing the triumph of Arthur’s kingly and knightly identity over his relationship with his deceptive and malicious family members.

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