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83 pages 2 hours read

Laurie Halse Anderson

Chains

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2008

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Part 1, Chapters 4-7Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1, Chapters 4-7 Summary

Isabel and Ruth travel two nights by boat from Newport to New York City. They are stowed below deck with animals and other cargo. Isabel is very seasick for most of the journey but comes up to the deck on the second night for fresh air while Ruth sleeps. She takes in the calm night and wonders about their fate. She remembers her mother saying that ghosts cannot travel over water. Her father was stolen from his homeland in Guinea, leaving his ancestors to mourn his loss; Isabel imagines her ancestors wailing in grief. This has been the fate for so many more. She also imagines her mother mourning her and Ruth now as they are stolen away once again.

The ship docks, and a bevy of workers begins to unload the ship’s cargo. Isabel and Ruth stand, taking in the grandeur of the harbor and the new city stretched before them. It is bustling with activity as well as soldiers preparing for battle. Isabel sees many people of color and remarks, “In truth, I had never seen so many of us in one place, not even at burials” (27). A stately wagon pulled by two gold horses arrives to collect the Locktons and their luggage. Madam Lockton is particularly concerned with one chest. They are stopped by a man wielding a gun; their cargo must be inspected before leaving. A short man named Charles approaches and is not happy to see the Locktons. They speak quietly as another man, named Bellingham, approaches, followed by a clerk and servant boy.

Isabel notices the boy as he is about her size and is carrying a writing desk and stool. He wears a red hat and the clothes of a sailor. He also has a gold earring and a prominent scar on his face. Charles warns that Bellingham is here to arrest Elihu as he is a rumored Tory, or sympathizer to the monarch. Anne and Elihu proceed to put on an act pretending to be revolutionaries, swearing no allegiance to England. Anne makes quite a scene over the searching of her linens in the chest. The officials relent, but not before Ruth lets out a chuckle over the scene. Isabel takes the blame, and Anne slaps her on the face. They finish loading the chest onto the carriage and Elihu praises Anne for her performance. They send Isabel to fetch water, and the boy offers to show her the way. His name is Curzon, and he knows the way to the Locktons’ estate on Wall Street.

Curzon and Isabel chat briefly, and he nicknames her “Country” because she is a “[c]ountry girl.” He takes Isabel to Tea Water Pump, so named by the wealthy citizens for its superior tasting water. On the way, he stops by a stationer’s shop to deliver a message for his owner. He returns with food, which Isabel devours. They talk about Ruth, and Curzon calls Lockton a “dirty Loyalist” (38) and explains his master is part of the rebellion. New York is divided between Loyalists and Patriots—Loyalists being loyal to Britain, and Patriots being loyal to the revolution—but the Patriots are in control. They need people to join the cause, and Curzon suggests that Isabel could help and learn some information to help herself in the process. He wants her to act as a spy in the Locktons’ home, collecting information that would lead to Elihu’s arrest; because Isabel is a slave and not seen as a real person, household members will say things in her presence they might not otherwise. Moreover, says Curzon, a man named Colonel Regan might have rewards for someone like Isabel and might help her find the lawyer to secure her and Ruth’s freedom. Isabel is to collect intel and report her findings to Curzon at the shed where he sleeps. Isabel is uncertain, worried for their safety.

Curzon leads Isabel to the Lockton house, a five-story stone mansion. He hurries her along and tells her to never enter the front door. She is introduced to Becky Berry, the housemaid, who is flustered at the hasty return of the Locktons after their absence for eight months in Boston. She instructs Isabel on her chores and tells her that Ruth is peeling potatoes. Isabel is to keep her mouth shut and never go into the master’s library. Becky is well aware of the Locktons’ Tory affiliation, but she is not interested in their politics, only in survival. Lady Clarissa Seymour, Master Lockton’s wealthy aunt, will arrive soon, and they must work quickly to prepare for her visit. From now on, Isabel and Ruth must address Anne and Elihu as “Madam” and “Master.”

Part 1, Chapters 4-7 Analysis

From the onset of the slave trade in the 1600s, an estimated 12.5 million Africans were transported across the Atlantic through what was called the Middle Passage. This sea journey, lasting months, found humans stacked like cargo in the ship’s bowels, left with little food, water, or fresh air. The unsanitary conditions were fatal to many, and others threw themselves overboard, unable to stand the misery. Though Isabel’s voyage is not aboard a slave ship, she is still treated as cargo, stowed below with freight and other humans deemed unworthy of sunlight and fresh air. The journeys of her ancestors haunt her mind as she ponders the fate awaiting her in New York. She has a brief moment on deck and takes in the calm night, but this moment is a mournful homage to all those whose families have been stolen from them by the evils of the slave trade. Isabel’s references to the wails of the ancestors evoke the darkness of chattel slavery cast over the entire globe.

Isabel’s first glimpse of revolutionary-era New York City is a wonder. Having only experienced rural farm life, she is captivated by the sights and sounds of a bustling city. The political tension is palpable, however, as soldiers are maneuvering, and the travelers are greeted by soldiers almost immediately upon arrival. The Locktons exposed their unkindness in the Rhode Island tavern, but the dock scene confirms they are also liars. They dismiss rumors of their Tory affiliation, but their façade is feeble; most people know the truth but are waiting for the right evidence and opportunity to arrest them. When Madam Lockton assaults Isabel, she further reveals her true character, but it is yet an inkling of her full cruelty, as the sisters soon learn. The Locktons are only out to preserve their ambition—and Isabel and Ruth, as their property, will be susceptible to their inscrutable whims.

The introduction of Curzon brings Isabel her first friend and a hopeful ally, but it also highlights some of Isabel’s naivete, which will diminish as the story unfolds and she confronts many more challenging realities. Curzon, too, is a child and enslaved person, but he has far more wisdom and street smarts than Isabel. He even nicknames her “Country,” a reference to her rural background, due to her inexperience with navigating a city. When he offers for her to become a spy for the revolutionary effort, the author is drawing from historical realities: Spies were notoriously used by both sides, and women were often employed for such efforts. Isabel is unconcerned with the colonies’ liberation, however; she is instead focused only on the emancipation promised in Mary Finch’s will. However, she will learn that slavery is far more complicated than she imagined, as her and her sister’s fate are tied up with the fate of the revolutionaries. Curzon urges her to take a side, though she worries it may prove costly. In the maid Becky’s opinion, the enslaved must side with their masters—not on principle but for personal preservation. This choice will challenge the young protagonist as she is determined and strong-willed. She wipes the sting of her master’s slap from her face, her first act of defiance against her enslavement and new master.

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