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74 pages 2 hours read

Kamila Shamsie

Burnt Shadows

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2009

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Part 4, Chapters 31-33Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 4: “The Speed Necessary to Replace Loss”

Part 4, Chapter 31 Summary

In Afghanistan, Harry and Steve, who is still with the CIA, investigate a cave for signs of al-Qaeda soldiers. It is revealed that Harry lost his CIA job after writing an article critical of the CIA for abandoning Afghanistan after the Soviet withdrawal in the 1980s, leaving a power vacuum to be filled by the Taliban. Harry wrote the article under the pseudonym “Lala Buksh” and is certain that Steve turned him in, though Harry planned to quit regardless. Steve now asks Harry if he feels good about predicting the “jihadi blowback.” Harry says he only feels failure. Steve doesn’t trust the Muslim TCNs, assuming they are sympathetic to the Taliban. Harry is offended, but Steve accuses Harry of sentimentality over his childhood in Delhi and says that Raza’s open practice of Islam is suspicious. Harry considers the war-torn landscape of Afghanistan, thinking, “We make a desolation and call it peace” (284).

Harry finds Raza in their shared room at the A&G compound, which they chose because of a secret tunnel. Raza tells Harry that he was asked to interpret during the torture of a suspected Taliban supporter. Raza refused but asks Harry if he has ever tortured someone. Harry admits that he has. Raza, knowing that Harry killed Sher Mohammed for Sajjad’s murder, presses Harry further. Harry says that only sexual assault and children are off-limits to him, then asks Raza never to tell Kim what kind of man her father is. Raza tells Harry that he called the commander and learned that Abdullah is likely dead. Harry scolds Raza for contacting an Afghan man with unknown allegiances. Raza tells Harry that after Sajjad’s death, Hiroko told Raza that he was responsible for whatever happened to Abdullah at the camp. Raza asks Harry if he feels any responsibility for the violence around them, but Harry dismisses the idea. Raza tells Harry that Sajjad would be ashamed to see the men that they have become.

Part 4, Chapter 32 Summary

Chapter 32 opens with Hiroko’s memory of arriving in New York: The immigration officer, seeing her place of birth, assures her that she will be safe in America. Hiroko appreciates the irony of moving to America for refuge from nuclear war. Hiroko’s taxi driver from the airport is a Pakistani man, and she asks him if Pakistan has tested nuclear weapons yet. The taxi driver, Omar, is surprised to hear a Japanese woman speaking Urdu but reassures her. Omar tells Hiroko about the taxi strike, and Hiroko marvels at the solidarity between the Indian and Pakistani cab drivers, but Omar says, “why should we let these governments who long ago let us down stop us […]?” (294). Now, Hiroko appreciates the diversity of New York City and still calls Omar whenever she needs a cab.

Hiroko calls Yoshi Watanabe from a café to celebrate the de-escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan. Yoshi, who is dying of cancer, tells Hiroko that he believed he might survive if nuclear war did erupt. Hiroko, disturbed, rushes out of the café and calls Kim, who meets Hiroko at a nearby pier. Hiroko tells Kim she wishes that the world were a better place, and Kim considers how she can no longer hide in her work since she is now expected to consider bomb threats and possible security breaches in her designs. Hiroko tells Kim that she wishes she had told her story to more people but that she struggles with placing the 75,000 who died in Nagasaki within the context of the 72 million who died in total in World War II. Kim tells Hiroko that it is more meaningful to Hiroko because it happened to her personally, and Hiroko, furious at Kim’s minimizing of the events at Nagasaki, storms off. 

Part 4, Chapter 33 Summary

While translating between Steve and a group of Afghan men who are pledging allegiance to the Americans, Raza receives a phone call from Ismail, Abdullah’s brother. Despite Steve’s displeasure, Harry covers so Raza can take the call.

Ismail tells Raza that Abdullah is alive and that he is sorry for getting Raza caught in the mujahideen camp. Raza is shocked that Abdullah isn’t furious with Raza for convincing him to go to the camp in the first place. Raza learns that Abdullah is a taxi driver living in New York as an undocumented immigrant and recently ran from the FBI, who traced him to his apartment. Terrified of being detained under the new Patriot Act for being undocumented and Afghan, Abdullah needs help leaving the United States. Raza uses Harry’s phone to call Kim and asks her to help Abdullah. Kim, however, tells Raza that if Abdullah is innocent, he should just turn himself in. Raza, knowing that the FBI could detain Abdullah indefinitely, asks Kim again to get Abdullah across the Canadian border. Kim hangs up the phone, not understanding Raza’s concern. 

Raza decides he must travel to New York to get Abdullah across the border himself. Although nervous about telling Harry, Raza hopes he will agree to help. Raza heads outside, where Harry is playing cricket with the TCN. The ball lands near Raza, who signals to the players that he will retrieve it. As Raza picks up the ball, he sees a smiling Harry gunned down by a stranger in the guard tower. 

Part 4, Chapters 31-33 Analysis

Shamsie builds to Harry’s death as the ultimate climax of the novel, the turning point that sets the final, tense scenes in motion by sending Raza on his path as a fugitive to Guantanamo Bay and positioning Kim, via her grief, to make the error in judgment that will seal Raza’s fate. Shamsie uses a series of confrontations—Harry and Steve, Harry and Raza, Yoshi and Hiroko, Hiroko and Kim—to build the dramatic tension leading up to Harry’s death and to survey the various points of view on nationalism, cross-cultural intimacy, and violence that will play out in the novel’s final scenes.

Shamsie turns her focus most sharply on the contradictions of American identity, as Harry simultaneously laments American policies that facilitated the rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan and rejects any sense of personal or national responsibility. Harry’s justifications of torture echo Hiroko’s description of the American soldier who justified the use of nuclear weapons because they saved American lives—a justification that depends on inherently valuing American lives over Japanese lives. Shamsie explores how using “the greater good” as a justification of the means results in an inability to face the past, which creates the opportunity for more harm. Raza, by contrast, feels that the only way to move forward is by directly confronting his past mistakes and seeks to redeem himself for his wrongs against Abdullah. With Harry’s death, Raza loses the love and guidance of a second father figure but is also freed from Harry’s pressures to continue working for A&G. Shamsie sets up Raza, who has mostly supplanted Hiroko as the main point-of-view character at this point in the novel, to at last decide for himself what he will value and where he belongs—in other words, to finally discover his true self.

In Hiroko’s encounter with Omar and argument with Kim, Shamsie explores the group identities beyond nationality that connect us—and how shared experiences might be more important than shared nationalities or religious affiliations. As the Indian and Pakistani taxi drivers are able to transcend ethnic tensions in the name of class solidarity, Shamsie suggests that Kim should be able to see her connection to Hiroko through the death of her great-uncle Konrad at Nagasaki, rather than reinforcing the idea that Nagasaki is a relatively small disaster in the total scale of World War II. Kim’s familial link to Nagasaki has the potential to be more personal than her link to 9/11 by way of nationality, but Kim’s primary experience of identity is as an American

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