41 pages • 1 hour read
Frank McCourtA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Frank introduces Mikey Molly, a neighborhood boy who has vision problems and presumably epilepsy (he has “fits” and “visions”). His own father calls him “cyclops” on account of him being cross-eyed. Nora Molloy, his mother, deals with a husband who “drinks the dole itself” and is the “champion of all pint drinkers” (114). She is always on the edge of a nervous breakdown and periodically spends time in a “lunatic asylum.” As a way of dealing with her anxiety, Nora bakes bread constantly. Mikey, however, is not a proper Catholic because he has not received First Communion, his parents fearing he will choke on the communion wafer.
Mr. Benson, Frank’s teacher at Leamy’s National School, lectures the boys in preparation for First Communion. Benson’s methods are cruel and aggressive: He beats students with a stick and humiliates them whenever possible. He is a devout man, but his is not a gentle, loving faith; rather, it is faith based on fear and physical intimidation.
In the lead up to his first confession, Mikey tells Frank a dirty story about Cuchulain (a mythical Irish hero) that contains the word “piss.” Mikey tells Frank that it’s a sin to speak the word and that he now must confess this sin at his first confession. Frank frets over what to do because this sin never came up in his preparation. He talks to the “Angel on the Seventh Step”—the entity Malachy has told him brings new babies to the household—and to his father, who, says that hearing the word piss does not constitute a sin, so Frank doesn’t have to confess. The day before First Communion is Frank’s first confession. Out of a sense of guilt, Frank confesses the “sin” about the story. However, much to his surprise, the priest is merciful with him and even laughs.
First Communion day arrives. Frank is late, and his grandma, in her typically gruff way, barks all kinds of insinuations at Frank and accuses him of having Northern Irish hair. After Communion, grandma cooks a breakfast that Frank then vomits up along with the Communion wafer. Grandma accuses him of vomiting God in her backyard. Frank does not get to enjoy the traditional collection of money and gifts from his neighbors, nor does he get to see the James Cagney film he’d hoped to until Mikey fakes an epileptic fit to sneak Frank into the theater.
The families in Limerick (including Frank’s) are prone to in-fighting: For example, Frank’s grandma and mother are no longer on speaking terms because of the “God in the backyard” incident.
Malachy is a good writer and many neighbors come to seek his services when they need to do something such as send a letter to the government. Uncle Pat (Angela’s brother) befriends Bill Galvin, a Protestant, and he lodges at Grandma’s home. Grandma gives Frank the new, paid job of bringing Bill his dinner. On his first try, Frank eats the bacon, cabbage, and potatoes intended for Bill, causing Grandma to lash out fiercely at him.
Frank's parents have rotting teeth, which they ultimately have pulled and fully replaced. This leads to an adventure in which Malachy Jr. puts his father’s teeth in his mouth and gets them stuck. Malachy brings him to the hospital and drags Frank along. After saving Malachy Jr. from choking, the doctor looks at Frank and insists that his tonsils must come out.
Mam decides that Frank will take Irish dance lessons, which Frank does not want to do. He goes for a few weeks, but when his friend Billy makes fun of him, Frank decides to blow off dancing, using his mom’s sixpence to treat Billy to a movie and some toffee. Frank does this the following two Saturdays, all while his folks think he is at dance. Dad wants Frank to be an altar boy, so he trains him to memorize prayers in Latin. However, when Dad brings Frank to the church, the sacristan denies Frank the opportunity to be an altar boy at just one glance, which Angela blames on class snobbery.
Frank is in fourth class now with Mr. “Dotty” O’Neil, a man obsessed with Euclid, as his teacher. Mr. O’Neil is as cruel as the other teachers, once cutting an apple in front of the hungry boys and wondering aloud whether he should give the peels to the pigeons.
The teacher’s pet, Fintan, bribes Frank and a boy named Paddy Clohessy with food in front of the class, calling them his friends. Fintan and his mother are extremely devout Catholics. One day, Fintan brings Paddy and Frank home for lunch but does not give them any food. Because they are hungry, Paddy and Frank skip afternoon classes and raid an orchard, where they stuff themselves on apples. They also sneak onto a farm and steal cow’s milk from the cow itself. A friend named Quigley sees the boys and warns Frank that he is “going to be killed” by his parents (162), who received a note from the school saying Frank has skipped class. Afraid to return home, Frank spends the night at Paddy’s home—another poverty-stricken residence, with a father sick with consumption (tuberculosis) and a mother detached from her own existence.
The next day, Angela arrives with a guard, who warns Frank that he’ll wind up in jail if he ever skips school again and causes his mother torment. Paddy’s father, Dennis, knows Angela, and when she arrives, he tries to get her to dance as a means of remembering his youth. Angela indulges him, and Dennis has a brief respite from his consumption.
Now that Frank is traveling to and from school, he has more opportunities to introduce his family’s many neighbors and acquaintances. His first teacher, Mr. Benson, is so extreme in his disciplinary methods as to be almost a caricature of a strict, traditionalist teacher. The preferred motivating tactic is the appeal to fear, and Mr. Benson keeps students in line with the near constant threat of physical punishment. Mr. O’Neil is likewise a fan of the stick and likes to tease the starving kids by wondering aloud if he should feed pigeons. The school’s cruelty might elicit disgust in modern readers, but it was a fact of life for Frank and his many schoolmates during the Depression.
If the fear of physical force was not enough to keep the kids of Limerick in line, then the fear of eternal damnation was a backstop against disobedience. Frank’s near constant inner conflict later in the book stems from the earliest moral lessons beaten into him. For Frank, being morally sound comes to mean feeling guilty. In this chapter, Frank struggles with whether just hearing a bad word is a sin worthy of confession. He seeks the counsel of his father, and when Malachy tells him it is not a sin, Frank remains so overrun by guilt that he confesses nonetheless. There is a repressive aspect to this guilt and shame-riddled religious practice that McCourt examines throughout the book. The community members—including respected authority figures like teachers and priests—are so judgmental that guilt is inescapable: It is woven into the lives of the people of Limerick, which is a city proud and protective of its Catholic heritage.
In the world of this book, people do not trifle with kind insincerities. It is almost as though the residents of Limerick all have a self-defense mechanism in which they test strangers by being cruel to them. They judge others; they act cruelly; they lay guilt whenever and on whomever they can. As if physical hardship and poverty are not enough, the McCourts must live under the judgment of a community that looks down on them and from whom they must always try to hide their shame about their struggles.
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