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Reyna GrandeA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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At the start of a new school year, Reyna teaches sixth-grade ESL. Most of the children are from Mexico and Central America. Many are undocumented, but they are bright and easier to manage than the eighth graders she previously taught. Reyna assumes the role of the patient, loving teacher who understands that their needs extend beyond learning English. Her female students squeal with excitement when they realize she is pregnant. Reyna worries about setting a bad example by having a child out of wedlock, but she hopes she can model responsibility. Many students spend their lunch hours in the classroom to escape bullying. Some even join her folklórico group after school, bolstering Reyna’s confidence in her teaching skills.
Reyna buys a house through a program offering foreclosed properties to teachers at half the market price. The house is located in South Central, a poverty-stricken, high-crime neighborhood. Reyna plans to live in the house for three years, sell it at market value, and move to a better place. Three weeks before her due date, Reyna calls the police to evict squatters from her house. The property is in abominable condition. In addition, it is on a busy street under a flight path to LAX. Despite its shortcomings, Reyna is elated to be a homeowner. She dedicates herself to turning her house into a home.
Reyna recalls the birth of her son. Although she desperately wants her mother in the delivery room, Mago is the only one by her side. After a difficult labor with no epidural, she gives birth to Nathaniel (Nathan), named after her father, Natalio. The baby’s middle name is Khalil, a variation of the name of Reyna’s favorite writer, Kahlil Gibran. Reyna and Nathan move into Carlos’s house while she recuperates from the birth. She learns about parenting an infant by watching Norma, who had her second child three months earlier.
Reyna is furious with her mother for not attending the birth. She is even angrier with herself for expecting her mother to change. Reyna’s relationship with Francisco is equally fraught. Although he is present for Nathan’s birth and checks in on them periodically, he eventually steps aside.
Reyna settles into her new house and her new identity as a single mother, vowing to be a good parent to her son. Reyna and Mago pay a surprise visit to their father, who recently embraced religion, only to find him completely disinterested in their children. Reyna tells her father she bought a house and that she has taken steps to become a US citizen. Although her father approves of these accomplishments, he becomes concerned when Reyna describes her neighborhood. The two reconnect when he builds her a fence, sharing their experiences about crossing the border and their thoughts about parental responsibility. Reyna understands that her father’s decision to leave Mexico allowed her to be the parent he could never be: a parent who is present.
After two-and-a-half years of teaching, Reyna realizes that administrators make teachers’ jobs harder. For example, administrators assign teachers to different classes every year, making it difficult to develop an expertise in any grade or subject. These administrative issues exacerbate bigger problems facing public schools in Los Angeles including overcrowding, which leads to the promotion of underqualified students. Aware of the school’s policy, Reyna’s eighth-grade students do the bare minimum to graduate middle school, thereby entering high school unprepared.
Reyna’s students are apathetic, rude, and lacking in discipline. Following the advice of Ms. Hoang, Reyna pays home visits to her worst students and calls parents to the school to discuss their children. One parent reacts badly, blaming Reyna for his child’s bad behavior in front of her class. The incident gives Reyna nightmares and makes her realize that teaching is not her dream. She calls Diana, who advises her to transfer to an adult school, which will give her time to write. Reyna considers enrolling in an accelerated teacher credential program. Mago reminds her sister that she has responsibilities, and that working and going to school will leave little time for Nathan. Although Reyna feels guilty, she decides to go back to school.
Reyna recalls her experiences with María Amparo Escandón, an upper-class Mexican author and teacher. María teaches a weekend writing workshop using excerpts from Latino authors, much to Reyna’s delight. Reyna is pleased when María seeks her out during breaks, but she struggles with a writing exercise challenging her to write as if her parents were dead. By the end of the class, Reyna reclaims her voice as a writer and has a renewed sense of excitement for her unfinished novel.
María encourages Reyna to apply to Emerging Voices, a mentorship program for writers of color. She explains that the seven-month program opens doors to local and national literary communities. The fellows meet and discuss their work with each other and a master teacher. Fellows are assigned mentors, receive free classes at UCLA Extension, and meet with published authors, editors, and agents to discuss craft and publishing. Diana and Micah agree to write letters of recommendation supporting Reyna’s application. Before mailing her application, Reyna sees Diana, who expresses confidence Reyna will get into the program.
Reyna receives news that Abuelita Chinta is on the verge of death after suffering a scorpion bite. Reyna pays for her, her mother, and Nathan to fly to Iguala with Mago and Leo. They share memories about Abuelita Chinta while waiting to board the plane. Reyna wishes she had spent more time with her grandmother and vows to help her in the future. Reyna’s mother reveals that Abuelita Chinta was cruel to her growing up. She recalls Abuelita Chinta slamming her hands on a hot griddle during a childhood cooking lesson. The situation escalated during adolescence, when Abuelita Chinta threw rocks at boys to chase them away.
Reyna’s mother also recounts how she met her husband. The two struck up a secret relationship when he came to the mill to buy tortillas. One day, they missed the bus coming home from a dance, forcing them to stay at a motel. She returned home after a chaste night, only to be beaten and kicked out of the house by Abuelita Chinta. Reyna struggles to reconcile the kind grandmother of her childhood with the cruel woman her mother describes. She is relieved to learn that her mother and grandmother’s relationship improved over the years. Abuelita Chinta even asked for forgiveness after learning that her daughter was in an abusive relationship. Reyna’s mother forgave her and sent her mother, despite having little to spare. Reyna realizes that her mother was a terrible parent but a good daughter. She wonders if she can break the cycle of abuse.
The immigrant experience is central to Reyna’s memoir. The issue comes to the fore in Chapter 24, when Reyna is assigned to teach sixth-grade ESL. Reyna feels an instant connection to her students, most of whom recently immigrated from Mexico and Central America. Many are undocumented. They do not speak English, but they are keen to learn. Reyna sympathizes with her students because, like her, they come from broken homes. She feels especially close to the girls, who are a lot like she was at their age. Reyna’s ability to empathize with her students makes her a particularly effective teacher. Teaching English is only part of her job. Reyna knows her traumatized students need patience and encouragement. She is also committed to helping them navigate their dual identities, telling them, “Being in a new country, learning a new language, a new culture, takes time. You will learn […] But no matter what, don’t ever forget where you came from, and don’t ever be ashamed of who you are” (188).
Sacrifice and trauma are defining aspects of the immigrant experience. In Chapter 25, Reyna describes a conversation with her father as he builds her a new fence. Her father claims he has no memory of crossing the US-Mexico border with Reyna on his back. He advises his daughter to forget the past. Reyna understands her father’s position, but she cannot move on without freeing herself from her trauma by talking about it. By contrast, her father finds other ways to cope, first with alcohol and then with religion. Although immigrating marked the end of their family, Reyna’s father claims to have no regrets, saying, “Too many people in this world are living lives full of regrets, Chata. At church, I’ve learned there is a better way to live–in Jesus” (201). Through her conversation with her father, Reyna comes to understand the paradox of their experiences. Only through trauma was she able to have a better life. She suffered because of her father’s decision to immigrate, but that decision also allowed her to be the kind of parent he could never be: “I would get to watch my son grow up. I would get to celebrate birthdays and holidays with him […] My father’s greatest gift to me was that I would get to be the parent who stays” (202).
Reyna describes her struggle to belong at various points in her memoir. In Chapter 25, she decides to move forward with her US citizenship application, the final step in her immigration journey. She goes to the Federal Building in downtown LA on the same day terrorists hijack four airplanes, crashing one into the Pentagon, two into the Twin Towers, and one in a field in Stonycreek County, Pennsylvania. Fearing for Reyna’s safety, Mago pleads with her to get out of the government building, but Reyna refuses to jeopardize her chance at becoming a citizen: “It had taken me years to get to this point, and I wasn’t about to lose my place in line and not finish the application process” (198). Two months later, Reyna attends the oath ceremony, a momentous event for her and Nathan.
Tenacity remains a key theme in Part 2 of Reyna’s book. For example, she describes overcoming her fear of single motherhood through sheer will in Chapter 24: “[B]ecoming a single mother made me feel more scared than I had ever been in my life. But I pushed past those fears, and managed to do something right: I bought myself and my son a house” (189). Reyna emphasizes similar fears in her description of Nathan’s birth in Chapter 25, knowing that her strength is the only way of ensuring her son’s happiness: “I would need to be as strong and stable as an archer’s bow, and learn how to bend without breaking” (196). Reyna is once again the picture of tenacity in Chapter 26, when she enrolls in the accelerated teacher credential program. Going back to school places demands on her time and energy, but for Reyna, the ends justify the means. Mago questions Reyna’s decision: “You have a child. You can’t be taking classes. You’re a mother now. You need to take care of him. Be with him” (208). Reyna’s response is simple: “I’m doing this for both of us” (208).
Reyna’s troubled relationship with her father continues to influence her behavior, even after she becomes a mother. This is particularly evident in Chapter 25, when she names her son Nathaniel, a variation on her father’s name, Natalio. Reyna suffered physical and emotional abuse at her father’s hands, yet she still yearns for his love and approval.
Reyna’s relationship with her mother is equally fraught. In Chapter 25, she describes her disappointment with her mother for missing Nathan’s birth. Reyna’s mother neglected and abandoned her as a child. Even after all these years, however, Reyna clings to the hope that her mother will change. The realization that her mother is as detached as ever leaves Reyna angry and hurt. In Chapter 28, Reyna wonders if she can forgive her mother, or if their relationship is beyond repair: “Would I be expected to forgive her and take care of her when she was an old woman, pretend she had never hurt me? I didn’t know if I could be that kind of daughter (223).
By Reyna Grande
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